Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
Refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.
Classical Genetics
The study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.
Population Genetics
Branch of genetics that studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.
Cytogenetics
The study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.
Molecular Genetics
Proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.
Aristotle
Aristotle proposed that ______ served as bearers of traits.
“Humors”
Proposed the theory of Epigenesis.
William Harvey
William Harvey proposed the theory of _____
Epigenesis
States that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homunculus.
Preformationism
Preformationism states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a _____
Homunculus
Proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species.
Charles Darwin
Formulated the theory of Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin formulated the theory of _____
Natural Selection
What did the Natural Selection states?
Individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits.
Published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing pea plants as models.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing _____ as models
Pea Plants
Proposed that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a predictable manner.
Gregor Mendel
Heredity is _____ on the genes contained in the structures called chromosomes.
Dependent
Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called _____
Chromosomes
Heredity is dependent on the _____ contained in the structures called chromosomes.
Genes
The chromosomes were contributed to the individual by the _____
Gametes
The _____ were contributed to the individual by the gametes.
Chromosomes
The characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells.
Diploid Number (2n)
Diploid Number (2n) is the characteristic number of chromosomes a _____ has in most of its cells.
Eukaryote
Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called _____
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes behave differently during the two forms of cell division which are?
Mitosis
Meiosis
The chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.
Mitosis
The cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the haploid number (n).
Meiosis
Meiosis is where the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the _____
Haploid Number (n)
What did the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance states?
“Inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.”
Inherited traits are controlled by _____ residing on _____ faithfully transmitted through _____, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.
Genes
Chromosomes
Gametes
The major chemical component of chromosomes were _____ and _____
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Proteins
A long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Each strand of the molecule in a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of _____
Nucleotides
The four types of nucleotides found
in DNA are:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Base pairs in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Adenine (A) = Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)
It is a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil (U) in place of Thymine.
Ribonucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid a single-stranded molecule that contains _____ in place of Thymine.
Uracil (U)
Ribonucleic Acid a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil (U) in place of _____.
Thymine (T)
The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which in most cases, _____
Protein
In eukaryotic cells, the process begin in the nucleus with _____
Transcription
In _____, the process begin in the nucleus with transcription.
Eukaryotic Cells
The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called _____
Translation
The mRNA produced moves to the _____ and migrates to the _____
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Information encoded in mRNA is also called _____
Genetic Code
Linear series of nucleotide triplets
Codon
Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of _____
tRNAs
_____ perform diverse biological functions
Proteins
The largest category of proteins that serve as biological catalysts
Enzymes
Largest category of proteins
Enzymes
Function of Enzymes
Biological catalyst
A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its _____
Linear sequence of amino acids
Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a _____
Phenotype
When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and cause an _____
Altered phenotype
Researchers discovered _____ that could be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragments.
Restriction Enzymes
The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial cells to produce thousand of copies, or _____
Clones
The cloned DNA fragments can be isolated from the _____
Bacterial host cells
The _____ can be isolated from the bacterial host cells.
Cloned DNA Fragments
The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products is called _____
Biotechnology
It is the study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes
and genomes.
Genomics
Identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.
Proteomics
Subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.
Bioinformatics
Geneticists gradually came to focus attention on small number of organisms, including the fruit fly, also known as _____, and the mouse which is also known as _____
Drosophilia melanogaster
Mus musculus
Reasons for using small number of organism in Genetic Studies:
- Genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms.
- These organisms has characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research.
