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Cytogenetics > Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.

A

Classical Genetics

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2
Q

The study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.

A

Population Genetics

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3
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

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4
Q

The study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.

A

Molecular Genetics

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5
Q

Proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

Aristotle proposed that ______ served as bearers of traits.

A

“Humors”

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7
Q

Proposed the theory of Epigenesis.

A

William Harvey

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8
Q

William Harvey proposed the theory of _____

A

Epigenesis

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9
Q

States that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homunculus.

A

Preformationism

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10
Q

Preformationism states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a _____

A

Homunculus

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11
Q

Proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species.

A

Charles Darwin

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12
Q

Formulated the theory of Natural Selection.

A

Charles Darwin

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13
Q

Charles Darwin formulated the theory of _____

A

Natural Selection

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14
Q

What did the Natural Selection states?

A

Individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits.

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15
Q

Published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing pea plants as models.

A

Gregor Mendel

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16
Q

Gregor Mendel published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing _____ as models

A

Pea Plants

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17
Q

Proposed that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a predictable manner.

A

Gregor Mendel

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18
Q

Heredity is _____ on the genes contained in the structures called chromosomes.

A

Dependent

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19
Q

Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called _____

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

Heredity is dependent on the _____ contained in the structures called chromosomes.

A

Genes

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21
Q

The chromosomes were contributed to the individual by the _____

A

Gametes

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22
Q

The _____ were contributed to the individual by the gametes.

A

Chromosomes

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23
Q

The characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells.

A

Diploid Number (2n)

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24
Q

Diploid Number (2n) is the characteristic number of chromosomes a _____ has in most of its cells.

A

Eukaryote

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25
Q

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called _____

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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26
Q

Chromosomes behave differently during the two forms of cell division which are?

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

27
Q

The chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.

A

Mitosis

28
Q

The cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the haploid number (n).

A

Meiosis

29
Q

Meiosis is where the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the _____

A

Haploid Number (n)

30
Q

What did the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance states?

A

“Inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.”

31
Q

Inherited traits are controlled by _____ residing on _____ faithfully transmitted through _____, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

A

Genes
Chromosomes
Gametes

32
Q

The major chemical component of chromosomes were _____ and _____

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Proteins

33
Q

A long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

34
Q

Each strand of the molecule in a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of _____

A

Nucleotides

35
Q

The four types of nucleotides found
in DNA are:

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

36
Q

Base pairs in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Adenine (A) = Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)

37
Q

It is a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil (U) in place of Thymine.

A

Ribonucleic Acid

38
Q

Ribonucleic Acid a single-stranded molecule that contains _____ in place of Thymine.

A

Uracil (U)

39
Q

Ribonucleic Acid a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil (U) in place of _____.

A

Thymine (T)

40
Q

The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which in most cases, _____

A

Protein

41
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the process begin in the nucleus with _____

A

Transcription

42
Q

In _____, the process begin in the nucleus with transcription.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

43
Q

The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called _____

A

Translation

44
Q

The mRNA produced moves to the _____ and migrates to the _____

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

45
Q

Information encoded in mRNA is also called _____

A

Genetic Code

46
Q

Linear series of nucleotide triplets

A

Codon

47
Q

Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of _____

A

tRNAs

48
Q

_____ perform diverse biological functions

A

Proteins

49
Q

The largest category of proteins that serve as biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

50
Q

Largest category of proteins

A

Enzymes

51
Q

Function of Enzymes

A

Biological catalyst

52
Q

A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its _____

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

53
Q

Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a _____

A

Phenotype

54
Q

When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and cause an _____

A

Altered phenotype

55
Q

Researchers discovered _____ that could be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragments.

A

Restriction Enzymes

56
Q

The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial cells to produce thousand of copies, or _____

A

Clones

57
Q

The cloned DNA fragments can be isolated from the _____

A

Bacterial host cells

58
Q

The _____ can be isolated from the bacterial host cells.

A

Cloned DNA Fragments

59
Q

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products is called _____

A

Biotechnology

60
Q

It is the study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes
and genomes.

A

Genomics

61
Q

Identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.

A

Proteomics

62
Q

Subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.

A

Bioinformatics

63
Q

Geneticists gradually came to focus attention on small number of organisms, including the fruit fly, also known as _____, and the mouse which is also known as _____

A

Drosophilia melanogaster
Mus musculus

64
Q

Reasons for using small number of organism in Genetic Studies:

A
  1. Genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms.
  2. These organisms has characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research.

Cytogenetics (7 decks)

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