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Neuro > Introduction to Clinical Neuroscience > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Function of CSF

A
  • Conduit to removing toxins

- Cushions brain from impact

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2
Q

What supplies the brain with blood?

A

Arterial system supplies brain with blood which goes deep into the brain matter

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3
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Astrocytes, and glia are brain matter beneath this

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4
Q

What do dendrities receive and subsequent action?

A
  • Receive signals from other neurons
  • Get processed in the cell body
  • Transmitted through axon via dendrites
  • Dendites receive signals
  • Axons transmits the processed signal
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5
Q

How many cells are dendrities connected to?

A

Approx. 10,000 others

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6
Q

Dendrities are not born static. What does this mean?

A

Over the first few weeks of life, dendrites can change, plasticity of the brain.

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7
Q

When there are physical changes in the brain what does this relate to?

A

This relates to learning new skills

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8
Q

What is artificial intelligence based on?

A

Based on the structure of the cell body turned into an artificial neural network

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9
Q

What is grey matter used for?

A

It is used for sensation i.e. control of our hands

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10
Q

What is a stroke of the brain?

A

Loss of motor function as brain matter is damaged

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11
Q

What can frontal lobe damage cause?

A
  • Personality changes
    • > Fitful
    • > Irreverent
    • > Impatient
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12
Q

What happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

Affects speech

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13
Q

Post-mortem pathology

A
  • Limited as can only be performed after death
  • Can take tissue for analysis of genes/proteins
  • Can look at brain structure to understand disease processes to develop treatments
  • Need diagnostic tools for living patients = medical imaging
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14
Q

What is a glioblastoma?

A
  • Malignant, highly infiltrated brain tumour
  • Tumour grows from one hemisphere to the other
  • Difficult to treat as grows very fast
  • Highly infiltrative so difficult to remove without damaging the function of the brain
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15
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A
  • Localised damage

- Blood vessel is blocked so region of tissue that is supposed to be supplied by blocked blood vessel dies.

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16
Q

What is hippocampal sclerosis?

A
  • Hippocampus smaller on one side
  • Can cause seizures/alzheimer’s/dementia
  • Part of the brain where Alzheimer’s starts
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17
Q

How do X-rays work?

A
  • They pass through air/soft tissue but not through bone.

- X-ray absorbed by bone but not by tissue as strongly - can therefore look at bony structures.

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18
Q

Can X-rays be used on the brain?

A

The brain is surrounded by skull so it is not helpful for looking at the brain.

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19
Q

When is the use of X-rays useful?

A

It is useful in trauma: penetrating wounds i.e. bullet wounds

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20
Q

How do X-rays work?

A
  • X-ray tube rotates around the patient
  • Detected on other side
  • Measure attenuation at every angle
  • > Bright intensity = strong attenuation
  • Dark intensity = x-rays can pass through easily.
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21
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Reduction of force

22
Q

When are X-rays used?

A
  • To show detailed images of internal organs and therefore can detect cancers and minor fractures
  • Can turn “line signals” into 2D images
  • Can be used to help understand blood flow
  • Grey and white matter cannot be seen even though there is a slight difference in intensity between both matters but subtle differences in the brain are lost and cannot be seen.
23
Q

What is MRI?

A

It uses chemical technique to understand the brain structure. The signal that comes from tissue water to generate signals.

24
Q

What generates the MRI?

A

The magnets within us generate the MRI - T2 weighted MRI

25
Q

How does an MRI work?

A
  • Fluid shows up bright (so CSF can be seen)
  • Convolutions of cortex can be seen
  • Signal comes from water in the brain to form this image.
  • Hydrogen atoms have proton in the nucleus which is positively charged so generates a signal in MRI
  • Radio frequency interacts with protons and this generates signals from within the tissue itself
  • Picked up by radio frequency coils and turned into an image
26
Q

What happens if there is more water in an MRI?

A

There is a stronger signal because the signal from water causes structural changes in the tissues and alters signal intensity in image so pathology can be seen.

27
Q

What is T2 weighted MRI?

A

T2 reflects the length of time it takes for the MR signal to decay in the transverse plane.

28
Q

What can affect change image/signal intensity?

A

Parameters

29
Q

What increases T2?

A

Increased tissue water and loss of cellular structure

30
Q

What types of images do T1 weighted MRIs produce?

A

High resolution anatomical images -1 mm spatial resolution

31
Q

What colour is CSF and Fat in T1 weighted MRI?

A

CSF appears black and fat appears white

32
Q

What can T1 weighted MRIs detect?

A
  • Can detect degenerative changes
  • Developmental abnormalities
  • Disease specific changes
33
Q

What is unique about T1 weighted MRIs?

A

Cannot achieve this grey/white matter contrast in a CT image

34
Q

What is the composition of grey matter?

A

Mostly cell bodies

Water in both the intra and extracellular compartments has relatively free motion

35
Q

What is the composition of white matter?

A

Longer axons that connect different parts of white matter together
Myelinated
Approx. 50% of the tissue volume is accounted for by myelin structures within which T1 relaxation of 1H in lipids structures is very short

36
Q

How do protons in fatty tissue in the myelin sheath affect the changes in signal intensity?

A

Interaction of myelin protons and water protons in axons changes signal intensity

37
Q

What do degenerative changes in tissue cause?

A

It causes structural changes (i.e. demyelination, increased water content), also changes MRI properties so signal intensity on image changes which can be seen.

38
Q

How was the early cortical folding process in preterm newborn brains mapped?

A

It was seen by T1W imaging throughout the cortex as it developed. The cortex became more convoluted and the myelination changes

39
Q

Why are long myelinated axons important?

A

They are important to allow electrical signals to progress from one part of the brain to another.

40
Q

What happens when there is MS?

A

Myelination is lost = dysfunction in parts of the brain

41
Q

What is contained within the myelin sheath?

A

Microfilament/tubule bundles containing water which causes signals

42
Q

How does the brain connectivity affect the MRI?

A

Measure diffusion of water in different orientations of the brain

  • If same: isotropic diffusion
  • If different: anisotropic so can be related to white matter pathways
43
Q

What are MRA?

A

3D MR angiography of the brain

  • Shows blood vessels
  • Uses magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy to prvide a good picture of the blood vessels
  • Very short TR of about 10ms used
44
Q

How is the colour contrast made in the MRA?

A

Inflowing blood provides high signal against a darker background tissue signal

45
Q

What increases blood flow and why is this important?

A

Increase Glc and O2 extraction leads to increased blood flow which leads to reduced Hb and so an MRI signal increase.

46
Q

Describe the flow of Oxy-Hb

A

It moves from arterial to venous side - the O2 is released to brain parenchyma. This leaves de-oxy Hb which is paramagnetic.

47
Q

How does de-oxy blood cause a reduction in signal intensity?

A

When there is non-uniform magnetic field (due to de-oxy Hb)

48
Q

Which side of the brain has lower signal intensity than in the artery?

A

Venous side of the brain

49
Q

What happens when O2 and glucose is constantly removed?

A

More O2 and glucose is required to places where it is needed to increase blood flow and less deoxy-Hb

50
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

51
Q

Why are PET scans used?

A
  • Enables imaging of particular chemicals

- Radioactive nucleus decays by releasing positron

52
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A
  • If an injected substance contains radioactive nuclei, the nuclei will spread out in the rest of the body, eventually releasing gamma rays.
  • These gamma rays can be detected
  • Radionuclides are incorporated into pharmaceuticals that are specific for metabolic processes or cell receptors
  • The injected radiopharmaceutical generates a localised gamma ray signal relating to metabolism or cellular function.
  • This shows the organs are functioning

Neuro (20 decks)

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