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The Human Cell > Introduction to Cell Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the prefix cyto and the suffix -cyte refer to?

A

Both mean a hollow vessel referring to cells

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2
Q

What is the term given to the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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3
Q

What is the process of a substance moving into a cell referred to as?

A

Endocytosis

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4
Q

What is the process of a substance moving out of a cell referred to as?

A

Exocytosis

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5
Q

What is the term given to cell chemistry?

A

Cytochemistry

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6
Q

What would a liver cell be referred to as?

A

A hepatocyte

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7
Q

Cells are small units bound by a…

A

Plasma membrane (or cell wall)

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8
Q

Cells contain an aqueous fluid called

A

cytosol

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9
Q

Cells contain chemicals in the

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

Cells have structural support due to the

A

cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Cells have membrane bound

A

organelles

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12
Q

Where do cells sit on the spectrum of life?

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, CELL, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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13
Q

Cells are the smallest

A

living entity

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14
Q

Some organisms can be

A

unicellular

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15
Q

What is a prion?

A

The term “prion” is derived from proteinacious infectious particle and refers to the pathogen that causes mad cow disease

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16
Q

What is the the actual name for mad cow disease?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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17
Q

All living organisms have to harness

A

energy

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18
Q

All living organisms have to res…

A

Respire

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19
Q

All living organisms have to grow and

A

develop

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20
Q

All living organisms have to rep

A

reproduce

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21
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis

A

all life comes from pre-existing life

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22
Q

All living organisms have to respond to

A

stimuli

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23
Q

How do cells ‘eat’ and ‘drink’?

A

Eat - phagocytosis

Drink - pinocytosis

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24
Q

Cells can get larger, what is this termed?

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Q

Cells can divide/proliferate, what is this termed?

A

Hyperplasia

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26
Q

Hyperplasia can be associated with disease, give an example

A

Prostate hyperplasia

27
Q

Muscle cells may undergo this process with exercise

A

Hypertrophy

28
Q

There are 37 trillion cells in the human body, around how many different types are there?

A

210

29
Q

Cell proliferation occurs in two ways

A

Mitosis and meiosis

30
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Of the body

31
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic/ non-germ cells

32
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

germ cells, e.g. sperm and oocyte

33
Q

Give three examples of living entities responding to stimuli

A

cells can move by cytochemotaxis
phagocytic cells can ingest material
they can divide in response to mitogens

34
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

A chemical substance, normally a protein that stimulates a cell to divide

35
Q

In 1665 who coined the term cells to describe the boxes he saw in cork?

A

Robert Hooke

36
Q

Who thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi?

A

Robert Hooke

37
Q

Who invented 25 different hand-made microscopes?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

38
Q

in 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms he termed animalcules in

A

pondwater

39
Q

Who was first to observe red blood cells in vertebrates?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

40
Q

List some cells that Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw

A

Protozoans, bacteria, vacuole, spermatozoan, striated muscle fibres

41
Q

Which scientist wrote 560 letters to the Royal Society?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

42
Q

Matthias Schleiden in 1838 concluded that

A

all plant parts are made of cells

43
Q

In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded that

A

all animal tissues are made of cells

44
Q

Rudolf Virchow didn’t accept the theory of

A

Spontaneous generation

45
Q

What theory did Rudolf Virchow conclude?

A

That all cells arise from preexisting cells - cell theory

46
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.

47
Q

In the 19th century, what was the theory about cells?

A

The cell theory

  • all organisms consist of one or more cells (schleiden & schwann)
  • the cell is the basic structural unit of all organisms (schleiden & schwann)
  • all cells arise from preexisting cells (virchow)
48
Q

What did Watson & Crick come up with and in what year?

A

The cell contains the hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division 1950

49
Q

Modern cell biology is at cross roads between which three subjects?

A

Cytology, biochemistry and genetics

50
Q

What really led to the development of the cell theory?

A

Microscopy

51
Q

What are the five different types of light microscopy?

A 
Brightfield
Phase contrast
Differential phase contrast
Confocal
Fluorescene
52
Q

How does the unstained brightfield light microscopy technique work?

A

Passes light directly through the specimen

Unless cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained the image has little contrast

53
Q

How does the stained brightfield light microscopy technique work?

A

Passes light directly through specimens

Staining with various dyes enhances contrast but most require cells to be fixed

54
Q

How does the phase contrast light microscopy technique work?

A

Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in refractive index within specimen

55
Q

What is the phase contrast light microscopy useful in observing?

A

Living, unpigmented cells

56
Q

How does differential phase contrast light microscopy work?

A

By using optical modifications to exaggerate differences in refractive index

57
Q

How does the confocal light microscopy technique work?

A

Uses lasers to focus illuminating beam on a single plane within a specimen
Only regions within a narrow depth of focus are images

58
Q

How does fluorescence microscopy work?

A

Shows the location of specific molecules in the cell
Fluorescence substances absorb UV radiation and emit visible light
May occur naturally or are made by tagging the molecules of interest with fluorescent dyes or antibodies

59
Q

What are the subtypes of electron microscopy?

A

Scanning electron microscope

Transmission electron microscope

60
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.2nm

61
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

A

200nm

62
Q

What is the maximum resolution of the unaided eye?

A

200micrometres

63
Q

In which three ways do cells differ?

A

Size
Shape/structure
Function

The Human Cell (11 decks)

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