Bioenergetics

Question 1

List four things that cells need to survive

Answer 1

1. carbon based molecular materials 2. catalysts 3. information/instructions 4. energy

Question 2

list four types of carbon based molecular materials that cells may use

Answer 2

lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides

Question 3

what is the general formula of a lipid

Answer 3

cnh2n+1o2

Question 4

what is the general formula of a carbohydrate

Answer 4

cnh2no2

Question 5

what are the termini of amino acids

Answer 5

a +nh3 and a coo- end

Question 6

describe the general structure of nucleotides

Answer 6

a ribose/deoxyribose, + nitrogenous base + phosphate groups

Question 7

what is the monomer of a lipid

Answer 7

fatty acid

Question 8

what is a polymer of a lipid

Answer 8

di/triglyceride

Question 9

what is a monomer of a carbohydrate

Answer 9

monosaccharide

Question 10

what is a polymer of a carbohydrate

Answer 10

polysaccharide

Question 11

what is the polymer of an amino acid called

Answer 11

polypeptide/ protein

Question 12

what is the polymer of a nucleotide called

Answer 12

a nucleic acid

Question 13

how do enzymes speed up the reactions in cells

Answer 13

by providing an alternative energy pathway - lowering the activation energy

Question 14

what is anabolism

Answer 14

assembly of carbon based molecular materials

Question 15

what is catabolism

Answer 15

the degradation/breakdown / disassembly of carbon based molecular materials

Question 16

list what all living entities must be able to do

Answer 16

harness energy, respire, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli

Question 17

there are six reasons why cells need energy, list these

Answer 17

biosynthesis, active transport of solutes, active transport of ions, mechanical work, heat, light

Question 18

what is biosynthesis

Answer 18

the formation of new molecules/ structures

Question 19

why is biosynthesis needed

Answer 19

to maintain structures and make new structures

Question 20

what happens in the active transport of solutes

Answer 20

movement of molecules against their concentration / electrochemical gradient

Question 21

what happens in the active transport of ions

Answer 21

movement against the voltage gradient to maintain the membrane potential

Question 22

what is mechanical work

Answer 22

physical changes to the cell shape

Question 23

give an example of mechanical work that cells require energy for

Answer 23

muscle contraction, movement of cell structures, e.g. cilia/flagella or the mitotic spindle

Question 24

heat is the by product of what type of reactions

Answer 24

exergonic reactions

Question 25

what percentage of metabolic energy is used to maintain the body temperature

Answer 25

70%

Question 26

what is bioluminescene

Answer 26

bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism

Question 27

name a type of jellyfish which produces light

Answer 27

aequorea victoria

Question 28

what is the protein which allows the jellyfish to produce light

Answer 28

GFP - green fluorescent protein (aequorin)

Question 29

how do we quantify energy

Answer 29

calories

Question 30

define the term calorie

Answer 30

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree at a pressure of 1 atmosphere

Question 31

how many calories in a kilocalorie

Answer 31

a thousand obvs

Question 32

how many calories is a nutritional calorie

Answer 32

1kcal

Question 33

how many calories in a joule

Answer 33

0.239 calories

Question 34

what are the two major sources of energy in the biosphere

Answer 34

light energy and chemical energy

Question 35

what are the two major sources of carbon in the biosphere

Answer 35

carbon dioxide and catabolism of other organic molecules

Question 36

what do you call organisms which use the energy from photons of light

Answer 36

phototrophs

Question 37

what do we call organisms that use light energy to synthesis organic molecules from carbon dioxide via photosynthesis

Answer 37

photoautotrophs

Question 38

what do we call organisms that use light energy plus organic substrates

Answer 38

photoheterotrophs

Question 39

what do we call organisms that use energy derived from chemical bonds for their energy

Answer 39

chemotrophs

Question 40

what do we call organisms that use chemical energy to synthesise organic molecules from carbon dioxide

Answer 40

chemoautotrophs

Question 41

what do we call organisms that use chemical energy plus organic substrates for their energy

Answer 41

chemoheterotrophs

Question 42

how does energy flow through the biosphere

Answer 42

as electrons via oxidation and reduction

Question 43

what is oxidation

Answer 43

the loss of electrons

Question 44

what is reduction

Answer 44

the gain of electrons

Question 45

in oxidation and reduction, energy passes from the _____ which gets _____ to a _________ which gets _____

Answer 45

energy passes from the substrate which gets oxidised to a nucleotide cofactor which gets reduced

Question 46

give some examples of nucleotide cofactora

Answer 46

nad+/nadp+/fad

Question 47

electrons generally transfer energy accompanied by a

Answer 47

proton

Question 48

a proton + an electron is

Answer 48

atomic hydrogen

Question 49

a proton plus two electrons is a

Answer 49

hydride ion

Question 50

nad+ + h- -->

Answer 50

NADH

Question 51

give an example of chemoheterotrophic fuel oxidation

Answer 51

complete oxidation of glucose

Question 52

how is cellular energy stored

Answer 52

as atp

Question 53

what are the three bonds which can be broken in a molecule of atp

Answer 53

gamma, beta and alpha

Question 54

in atp which bond has the greatest amount of energy and which one has the least

Answer 54

gamma - -40.6kj/mol , beta - -30.5, alpha - -12.6

Question 55

give an example of photoautotrophic fuel synthesis

Answer 55

photosynthesis of glucose

Question 56

anabolic reactions ____ energy

Answer 56

require

Question 57

catabolic reactions ____ energy

Answer 57

liberate

Question 58

the product of one reaction is often a ____ in an alternative metabolic pathway

Answer 58

substrate

Question 59

what is thermodynamics

Answer 59

a branch of physics focused on the relationship between heat/temp and energy/work - originally in abiotic systems

Question 60

what is bioenergetics

Answer 60

a branch of biochemistry concerned with energy flow (applied thermodynamics) in living systems

Question 61

when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the restricted portion of the universe being considered at any given moment called

Answer 61

the system

Question 62

when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the rest of the universe other than the system referred to as

Answer 62

the surroundings

Question 63

energy can be added to or lost from the system to that systems surroundings - the universe in what type of system

Answer 63

an open system

Question 64

energy remains within that system, can be neither added nor lost from the system to that system's surroundings in what type of system

Answer 64

a closed system

Question 65

what is the first law of thermodynamics called

Answer 65

the law of conservation of energy

Question 66

what does the law of conservation of energy which is the first law of thermodynamics state

Answer 66

that the total energy of a closed system remains constant - energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed it can only change form

Question 67

what happens if the energy into a biological system is greater than the energy out

Answer 67

it will store calories as glycogen or adipose tissue