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The Human Cell > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

List four things that cells need to survive

A
  1. carbon based molecular materials 2. catalysts 3. information/instructions 4. energy
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2
Q

list four types of carbon based molecular materials that cells may use

A

lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides

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3
Q

what is the general formula of a lipid

A

cnh2n+1o2

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4
Q

what is the general formula of a carbohydrate

A

cnh2no2

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5
Q

what are the termini of amino acids

A

a +nh3 and a coo- end

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6
Q

describe the general structure of nucleotides

A

a ribose/deoxyribose, + nitrogenous base + phosphate groups

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7
Q

what is the monomer of a lipid

A

fatty acid

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8
Q

what is a polymer of a lipid

A

di/triglyceride

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9
Q

what is a monomer of a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

what is a polymer of a carbohydrate

A

polysaccharide

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11
Q

what is the polymer of an amino acid called

A

polypeptide/ protein

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12
Q

what is the polymer of a nucleotide called

A

a nucleic acid

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13
Q

how do enzymes speed up the reactions in cells

A

by providing an alternative energy pathway - lowering the activation energy

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14
Q

what is anabolism

A

assembly of carbon based molecular materials

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15
Q

what is catabolism

A

the degradation/breakdown / disassembly of carbon based molecular materials

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16
Q

list what all living entities must be able to do

A

harness energy, respire, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli

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17
Q

there are six reasons why cells need energy, list these

A

biosynthesis, active transport of solutes, active transport of ions, mechanical work, heat, light

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18
Q

what is biosynthesis

A

the formation of new molecules/ structures

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19
Q

why is biosynthesis needed

A

to maintain structures and make new structures

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20
Q

what happens in the active transport of solutes

A

movement of molecules against their concentration / electrochemical gradient

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21
Q

what happens in the active transport of ions

A

movement against the voltage gradient to maintain the membrane potential

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22
Q

what is mechanical work

A

physical changes to the cell shape

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23
Q

give an example of mechanical work that cells require energy for

A

muscle contraction, movement of cell structures, e.g. cilia/flagella or the mitotic spindle

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24
Q

heat is the by product of what type of reactions

A

exergonic reactions

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25
Q

what percentage of metabolic energy is used to maintain the body temperature

A

70%

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26
Q

what is bioluminescene

A

bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism

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27
Q

name a type of jellyfish which produces light

A

aequorea victoria

28
Q

what is the protein which allows the jellyfish to produce light

A

GFP - green fluorescent protein (aequorin)

29
Q

how do we quantify energy

A

calories

30
Q

define the term calorie

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree at a pressure of 1 atmosphere

31
Q

how many calories in a kilocalorie

A

a thousand obvs

32
Q

how many calories is a nutritional calorie

A

1kcal

33
Q

how many calories in a joule

A

0.239 calories

34
Q

what are the two major sources of energy in the biosphere

A

light energy and chemical energy

35
Q

what are the two major sources of carbon in the biosphere

A

carbon dioxide and catabolism of other organic molecules

36
Q

what do you call organisms which use the energy from photons of light

A

phototrophs

37
Q

what do we call organisms that use light energy to synthesis organic molecules from carbon dioxide via photosynthesis

A

photoautotrophs

38
Q

what do we call organisms that use light energy plus organic substrates

A

photoheterotrophs

39
Q

what do we call organisms that use energy derived from chemical bonds for their energy

A

chemotrophs

40
Q

what do we call organisms that use chemical energy to synthesise organic molecules from carbon dioxide

A

chemoautotrophs

41
Q

what do we call organisms that use chemical energy plus organic substrates for their energy

A

chemoheterotrophs

42
Q

how does energy flow through the biosphere

A

as electrons via oxidation and reduction

43
Q

what is oxidation

A

the loss of electrons

44
Q

what is reduction

A

the gain of electrons

45
Q

in oxidation and reduction, energy passes from the _____ which gets _____ to a _________ which gets _____

A

energy passes from the substrate which gets oxidised to a nucleotide cofactor which gets reduced

46
Q

give some examples of nucleotide cofactora

A

nad+/nadp+/fad

47
Q

electrons generally transfer energy accompanied by a

A

proton

48
Q

a proton + an electron is

A

atomic hydrogen

49
Q

a proton plus two electrons is a

A

hydride ion

50
Q

nad+ + h- –>

A

NADH

51
Q

give an example of chemoheterotrophic fuel oxidation

A

complete oxidation of glucose

52
Q

how is cellular energy stored

A

as atp

53
Q

what are the three bonds which can be broken in a molecule of atp

A

gamma, beta and alpha

54
Q

in atp which bond has the greatest amount of energy and which one has the least

A

gamma - -40.6kj/mol , beta - -30.5, alpha - -12.6

55
Q

give an example of photoautotrophic fuel synthesis

A

photosynthesis of glucose

56
Q

anabolic reactions ____ energy

A

require

57
Q

catabolic reactions ____ energy

A

liberate

58
Q

the product of one reaction is often a ____ in an alternative metabolic pathway

A

substrate

59
Q

what is thermodynamics

A

a branch of physics focused on the relationship between heat/temp and energy/work - originally in abiotic systems

60
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

a branch of biochemistry concerned with energy flow (applied thermodynamics) in living systems

61
Q

when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the restricted portion of the universe being considered at any given moment called

A

the system

62
Q

when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the rest of the universe other than the system referred to as

A

the surroundings

63
Q

energy can be added to or lost from the system to that systems surroundings - the universe in what type of system

A

an open system

64
Q

energy remains within that system, can be neither added nor lost from the system to that system’s surroundings in what type of system

A

a closed system

65
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics called

A

the law of conservation of energy

66
Q

what does the law of conservation of energy which is the first law of thermodynamics state

A

that the total energy of a closed system remains constant - energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed it can only change form

67
Q

what happens if the energy into a biological system is greater than the energy out

A

it will store calories as glycogen or adipose tissue

The Human Cell (11 decks)

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