Bioenergetics Flashcards
List four things that cells need to survive
- carbon based molecular materials 2. catalysts 3. information/instructions 4. energy
list four types of carbon based molecular materials that cells may use
lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides
what is the general formula of a lipid
cnh2n+1o2
what is the general formula of a carbohydrate
cnh2no2
what are the termini of amino acids
a +nh3 and a coo- end
describe the general structure of nucleotides
a ribose/deoxyribose, + nitrogenous base + phosphate groups
what is the monomer of a lipid
fatty acid
what is a polymer of a lipid
di/triglyceride
what is a monomer of a carbohydrate
monosaccharide
what is a polymer of a carbohydrate
polysaccharide
what is the polymer of an amino acid called
polypeptide/ protein
what is the polymer of a nucleotide called
a nucleic acid
how do enzymes speed up the reactions in cells
by providing an alternative energy pathway - lowering the activation energy
what is anabolism
assembly of carbon based molecular materials
what is catabolism
the degradation/breakdown / disassembly of carbon based molecular materials
list what all living entities must be able to do
harness energy, respire, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli
there are six reasons why cells need energy, list these
biosynthesis, active transport of solutes, active transport of ions, mechanical work, heat, light
what is biosynthesis
the formation of new molecules/ structures
why is biosynthesis needed
to maintain structures and make new structures
what happens in the active transport of solutes
movement of molecules against their concentration / electrochemical gradient
what happens in the active transport of ions
movement against the voltage gradient to maintain the membrane potential
what is mechanical work
physical changes to the cell shape
give an example of mechanical work that cells require energy for
muscle contraction, movement of cell structures, e.g. cilia/flagella or the mitotic spindle
heat is the by product of what type of reactions
exergonic reactions
what percentage of metabolic energy is used to maintain the body temperature
70%
what is bioluminescene
bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism
name a type of jellyfish which produces light
aequorea victoria
what is the protein which allows the jellyfish to produce light
GFP - green fluorescent protein (aequorin)
how do we quantify energy
calories
define the term calorie
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree at a pressure of 1 atmosphere
how many calories in a kilocalorie
a thousand obvs
how many calories is a nutritional calorie
1kcal
how many calories in a joule
0.239 calories
what are the two major sources of energy in the biosphere
light energy and chemical energy
what are the two major sources of carbon in the biosphere
carbon dioxide and catabolism of other organic molecules
what do you call organisms which use the energy from photons of light
phototrophs
what do we call organisms that use light energy to synthesis organic molecules from carbon dioxide via photosynthesis
photoautotrophs
what do we call organisms that use light energy plus organic substrates
photoheterotrophs
what do we call organisms that use energy derived from chemical bonds for their energy
chemotrophs
what do we call organisms that use chemical energy to synthesise organic molecules from carbon dioxide
chemoautotrophs
what do we call organisms that use chemical energy plus organic substrates for their energy
chemoheterotrophs
how does energy flow through the biosphere
as electrons via oxidation and reduction
what is oxidation
the loss of electrons
what is reduction
the gain of electrons
in oxidation and reduction, energy passes from the _____ which gets _____ to a _________ which gets _____
energy passes from the substrate which gets oxidised to a nucleotide cofactor which gets reduced
give some examples of nucleotide cofactora
nad+/nadp+/fad
electrons generally transfer energy accompanied by a
proton
a proton + an electron is
atomic hydrogen
a proton plus two electrons is a
hydride ion
nad+ + h- –>
NADH
give an example of chemoheterotrophic fuel oxidation
complete oxidation of glucose
how is cellular energy stored
as atp
what are the three bonds which can be broken in a molecule of atp
gamma, beta and alpha
in atp which bond has the greatest amount of energy and which one has the least
gamma - -40.6kj/mol , beta - -30.5, alpha - -12.6
give an example of photoautotrophic fuel synthesis
photosynthesis of glucose
anabolic reactions ____ energy
require
catabolic reactions ____ energy
liberate
the product of one reaction is often a ____ in an alternative metabolic pathway
substrate
what is thermodynamics
a branch of physics focused on the relationship between heat/temp and energy/work - originally in abiotic systems
what is bioenergetics
a branch of biochemistry concerned with energy flow (applied thermodynamics) in living systems
when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the restricted portion of the universe being considered at any given moment called
the system
when focusing on systems and thermodynamics, what is the rest of the universe other than the system referred to as
the surroundings
energy can be added to or lost from the system to that systems surroundings - the universe in what type of system
an open system
energy remains within that system, can be neither added nor lost from the system to that system’s surroundings in what type of system
a closed system
what is the first law of thermodynamics called
the law of conservation of energy
what does the law of conservation of energy which is the first law of thermodynamics state
that the total energy of a closed system remains constant - energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed it can only change form
what happens if the energy into a biological system is greater than the energy out
it will store calories as glycogen or adipose tissue
