Introduction to Anesthesia Flashcards
Anesthesia is primarily used for
sedation and tranquilization
Reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout the body produced by the administration of one or more agents
General Anesthesia
Specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is a sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery
Surgical anesthesia
A patient under anesthesia will not be aroused by
painful stimuli
Drug induced CNS depression and drowsiness that vary in intensity
Sedation
Drug induced state of calm
Tranquilization
Drug induced sleeplike state impairing the ability to respond to stimuli
Hypnosis
Drug-induced sleep from narcotic administration in which the patient is not easily aroused
Narcosis
Loss of sensation in a small area produced by administration of an agent in proximity to the area of interest
Local anesthesia
Loss of sensation of a localized area produced by the administration of a local directly to the body surface or to an open wound
Topical anesthesia
Loss of sensation in a limited area produced by the administration of a local or other agent in proximity to sensory nerves
Regional anesthesia
Type of regional anesthetic that is used to provide pain control of the rear quarters and pelvic region
Used in a variety of species for caudal analgesia
Cheap and easy to perform
Epidural anesthesia
Administration of multiple drugs concurrently in smaller quantities than would be required if each were given alone
Maximizes beneficial effects while minimizing adverse effects
Balanced anesthesia
Most anesthetics cause significant changes in the _____________ system and ______________ function
cardiovascular
pulmonary
Anesthesia is AKA controlled
death/poisoning
Clients feel more confident and less anxious about the procedure when they are
well informed
Referring to patients by their correct ______ and _____ will help clients trust you.
name
sex
Describes the period immediately preceding induction of anesthesia
When patient data is collected, pt is fasted, and adequate hydration is ensured, and preanesthetic drugs are administered
Preanesthesia
The process by which an animal leaves the normal conscious state and enters an unconscious state
“knock the animal out”
Induction
This clinic specific thing should be altered for different patients when it comes to administering anesthetics
Standard protocol
The minimum patient database we collect before anesthetizing a patient is these 5 things:
- Patient history
- Nature of the procedure
- Physical Exam
- Dx tests
- Determination of physical status and anesthetic risk
Most important aspect of gaining a patient’s history would be noting any _____________ ____________ the patient has had to any drugs
allergic reactions
A written _________ of services should be given to the client
estimate
The client should be given a signed ____________ form authorizing anesthesia and the procedure
release
The owner is warned beforehand of any unusual risks associated with the anesthesia or surgery
Informed consent
Anesthesia is never without
risk
Consent forms should include 2 important things
CPR authorization and client phone numbers
A PE of a pt should be conducted within _____ hrs of a procedure
24 hrs
This is generally recommended before procedures, but not required if the animal is healthy
pre-op bloodwork
If an animal is obese, drugs are usually calculated based on the
ideal weight for that animal
Animals less than 5kgs need to be weighed on a
pediatric scale
Animals under 1 kg need to be weighed on a
gram scale
Considered morbidly dehydrated
> 10%
A patient’s responsiveness to stimuli; used to assess brain function
Level of Consciousness (LOC)
BAR
Bright, Alert, Responsive
QAR
Quiet, alert, and responsive
When animals are sickly
lethargic
Not easily aroused
Obtunded
Sleeplike state/ only aroused with pain
Stuporous
Can’t be aroused/unresponsive
Comatose
Vitals will __________ under anesthesia
decrease
Normal Temp
100-102.5
Normal HR in dogs
60-180 BPM
Normal HR in cats
120-240 BPM
Normal RR for dogs
10-30 RPM
Normal RR for cats
15-30 RPM
PLR
Pupillary light response
Pupil constriction
Miosis
Pupil dilation
Mydriasis
When shining a light into the R eye and the R pupil constricts
Direct reflex
When shining a light into the R eye and the L pupil constricts as well
Consensual reflex
What tests are useful to assess kidney function?
CREA and BUN
What tests can be used to measure O2 carrying capacity?
PCV (HCT), HgB
Tube used for PCV
EDTA
Tube used for chemistry profiles
Marble top
GHP
General Health Profile
At what age should a pet have a GHP over pre-op
> 7
How many levels of risk classification are there?
5
Minimal risk
Normal, healthy animals with no underlying diseases
Ex: OHE, radiograph procedure, castration, and declaws
Class I risk
Slight risk
Minor disease is present but animal is able to compensate
Neonates, Geriatric, and Obese patients fall into this category
Ex: skin tumor, hernia, local infx, cryptorchid castrations
Class II risk
Moderate risk
Obvious disease is present with mild clinical signs
Ex: anemia, dehydration, fever, low grade <3 murmur
Class III risk
High risk
Significantly compromised by disease and may have a pre-existing condition of a severe nature
Ex: severe dehydration, shock, uremia, toxemia, high fever, heart disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, and emaciation
Class IV risk
Extreme risk; moribund
Surgery is likely being performed out of desperation on animal’s with life threatening disease or disturbances
Animals not expected to survive 24 hrs
Ex: advanced heart dz, profound shock, head trauma, terminal malignancy
Class V risk
The slower the onset of action of a drug, the
longer the duration
How fast a drug begins affecting the patient
onset of action
How long the drug affects the patient
duration
Animals not fasted prior to anesthesia are at higher risk of vomiting during anesthesia or during recovery, leading to
aspiration of vomitus
Adult dogs and cats should have food withheld for ___________ hrs before anesthesia
10-12 hrs
With some surgeries, water should be withheld for
2-4 hrs before
Patients under 2kg should be fasted for
shorter periods of time
Avians, pocket pets, and dogs and cats younger than 3 months should not be
fasted
If patients eat within the fasting period, they can be administered
preanesthetics that cause vomiting
These patients have a higher risk of hypothermia, fluid overload, and hypoglycemia under anesthesia
pediatric patients
The endotracheal tube should be removed
After the swallowing reflex is regained
With a GI procedure, food is generally withheld for
24 hrs
With a GI procedure, water should be withheld for
8-12 hrs
Administered to help correct dehydration or stabilize a patient prior to anesthesia
Also to administer post op pain meds
IV catheter
Signs of overhydration
ocular and nasal discharge, chemosis, SQ edema, harsh lung sounds, increased RR, and dyspnea
Fluid administration rate for most patients
7.5 ml/kg/hr
When a patient is experiencing hypotension, they should receive what kind of rate of fluid?
3 ml for every 1ml of blood lost
If blood is administered to compensate for loss, the amount administered should be
equal to blood lost
Shock fluid rate for dogs
90 ml/kg for first hr
Shock fluid rate for cats
55 ml/kg for the first hr
Clinical signs for this include: tachycardia, pale MM, prolonged CRT (>2 sec), low BP, weakness, weak pulse
Hypovolemic shock
