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Anesthesia I > Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts: Preanesthetics > Flashcards

Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts: Preanesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Not a true anesthetic but used for other desirable effects such as sedation, tranquilization, analgesia, and anticholinergics

A

Anesthetic adjunct

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2
Q

Bind to and stimulates receptors

A

Pure agonist

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3
Q

Bind to receptors but do not stimulate them (reversal agents)
Blockers

A

Pure antagonists

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4
Q

Bind to and partially stimulate receptors

A

Partial agonists

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5
Q

Bind to more than one receptor type and simultaneously stimulate at least one, and block at least one

A

Agonists/Antagonists

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6
Q

These must be administered as adjuncts

A

analgesics

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7
Q

These type of drugs can’t be administered in the same syringe

A

Incompatible drugs

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8
Q

Drugs that are safely mixed together in the same syringe

A

Combination drugs

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9
Q

Often combined with ketamine in a 50:50 mixture

A

Valium (diazepam)

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10
Q

A term that describes the period immediately preceding the induction of anesthesia

A

Preanesthesia

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11
Q

The process by which an animal leaves the normal conscious state and enters an unconscious state

A

Induction

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12
Q

“Heart protectants”

A

Anticholinergics

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13
Q

Cause calming and sleep effects

A

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

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14
Q

AKA narcotics

Cause analgesic effects

A

Opioids

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15
Q

When should preanesthesia drugs be given?

A

15-20 minutes prior to induction

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16
Q

Controversial as pre-meds but help combat adverse side effects

A

Anticholinergics

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17
Q

AKA parasympatholytics
Block the binding of acetylcholine to prevent bradycardia, salivation, peristalsis, and pupil constriction
Works on the vagus nerve
Can be reversed with physotimine or pilocarpine
Causes bronchodilation

A

Anticholinergics

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18
Q

2 anticholinergics used in preanesthesia

A

Atropine and glycopyrrolate

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19
Q

An older drug derived from the nightshade plant
Short duration of action, but fast onset (used for emergencies)
Treats organophosphate toxicity
Increases the firing of the SA node
Can cross the placental barrier, but carrier of other substances

A

Atropine

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20
Q

A newer synthetic drug approved for dogs and cats
Slow onset, long duration
Minimally crosses the placental barrier
Less tendency to cause tachycardia

A

Glycopyrrolate

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21
Q

These drugs can cause ataxia, prolapse of the third eyelid, respiratory distress, and unusual behaviors

A

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

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22
Q

3 classes of sedatives/tranquilizers

A
  1. Phenothiazines
  2. Benzodiazepines
  3. Alpha 2 agonists
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23
Q

These sedatives are NON CONTROLLED substances that suppress the sympathetic nervous system
May cause hypothermia
SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO SEIZURE PTS

EX: Acepromazine

A

Phenothiazines

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24
Q

Bright yellow in color

Shouldn’t be used in stallions, epileptics, boxers, liver failure pts, and hypotensive pts

A

Acepromazine

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25
Q

These are minor tranquilizers with a wide safety margin, mostly used as muscle relaxers (not reliable sedatives)
Cardiovascularly friendly drugs

A

Benzodiazepines

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26
Q

Drug used to reverse benzodiazepines

A

flumazenil

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27
Q

4 benzodiazepines

A
  1. diazepam
  2. zolazepam
  3. midazolam
  4. lorazepam
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28
Q

Diazepam is AKA

A

valium

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29
Q

only licensed benzodiazepine licensed for animals

A

zolazepam

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30
Q

This drug is the drug of choice for seizure and cardiovascular pts, is cardiovascularly friendly, compatible with ketamine
Controlled and given IV

A

Diazepam

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31
Q

This drug is used as an appetite stimulant in ruminants and cats
Can be given in multiple routes

A

Midazolam

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32
Q

These drugs are highly reversible and should be given in young, healthy pts ONLY
Act as sedatives/tranquilizers and has slight analgesic effects

A

Alpha 2 agonists

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33
Q

First widely used alpha 2 agonist
Can be combined with other pain meds as a better sedative/analgesic
Can be reversed with Yohimbine

A

Xylazine

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34
Q

Xylazine is AKA

A

Rompun, Anased

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35
Q

Dosing is based on body surface area
Most commonly used A2A in dogs and cats
Mostly used in horses
Reversed with atipamazole

A

Dexmedetomidine

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36
Q

Dexmedetomidine is AKA

A

metetomedine

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37
Q

Analgesic used in horses for colic pain

A

Detomidine

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38
Q

Romfidine is AKA

39
Q

4 A2A’s

A
  1. Xylazine
  2. Dexmedetomidine
  3. Detomidine
  4. Romfidine
40
Q

3 Reversal agents

A
  1. . Tolazoline
  2. Yohimbine
  3. Atipamazole
41
Q

Reversal agents are AKA

A

Alpha 2 Antagonists

42
Q

Used to reverse Xylazine in ruminants

A

tolazoline

43
Q

Used to reverse xylazine (rompun) in dogs, cats, horses and exotics

44
Q

Used to reverse dexmedetomidine

A

atipamazole

45
Q

Atipamazole is AKA

46
Q

Derivatives of opium

Excellent analgesic effects

47
Q

4 opioid receptors

A
  1. mu
  2. kappa
  3. sigma
  4. delta
48
Q

Narcotics’ duration of action is dependent on the

49
Q

Pure agonists =

A

excellent pain relief, more side effects

50
Q

Partial agonists =

A

good pain relief, few side effects

51
Q

Agonist/antagonist =

A

mild pain relief, very few side effects

52
Q

Narcotics that stimulate all receptors
Given to pts with severe burns, amputations, deglovings, horrible orthopedic injuries

Ex: morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, meperidine

A

Pure agonists

53
Q

First narcotic used

Use with caution in horses and cats

54
Q

Similar to morphine in effects
Safer to use in cats
Not as potent as oxymorphone, but less expensive

A

hyrdromorphone

55
Q

Weak analgesia

AKA pethidine

A

Meperidine

56
Q

Greater potency than morphine with fewer side effects and longer duration
Great for sick or cardiovascular impaired pts
Expensive

A

Oxymorphone

57
Q

One of the most potent analgesias

Most common route is transdermal patch

58
Q

Only partially stimulate the opioid receptors

Ex: buprenorphine

A

Partial agonist

59
Q

Given PO to cats
Longest duration of any analgesia (6-12 hrs)
Come in ampules
Used for pts with spay, cryptorchid castration, or lacerations

A

Buprenorphine

60
Q

These provide pain relief but do not depress the respiratory and cardio systems as much as narcotics
Don’t stimulate the mu receptors, but instead stimulate kappa receptors

Ex: Butorphanol and Nalbuphine

A

Agonist-antagonist

61
Q

Most effective on mild to moderate visceral pain
Does not depress respiration at higher doses (ceiling effect)
Low doses = antitussive

A

Butorphanol

62
Q

Butorphanol is AKA

A

Torbugesic/Torbutrol

63
Q

Only injectable opiod that is not a controlled substance in the US
Weak analgesia/sedative
Strong antagonist properties

A

Nalbuphine

64
Q

Nalbuphine is AKA

65
Q

These type of drugs bind to receptors without stimulating them
No clinical effect on their own
Reverse pure agonists, partial agonists, and agonist/antagonists
AKA Reversal agents
Ex: Naloxone

A

Pure Antagonists

66
Q

Blocking agents for opioids (reversal agents)

A

Narcotic antagonists

67
Q

Effective in reversing narcotics in emergency situations

68
Q

Naloxone is AKA

69
Q

A hyponotic state produced in which the patient appears sedate, yet can be aroused with stimulation

70
Q

Display odd behavior patterns on opioids

71
Q

Most effective for severe pain

A

Pure agonist

72
Q

Derived from the nightshade plant and acts to prevent bradycardia
Avoid in horses due to potential colic

73
Q

Anticholinergic with long duration, better for sick patients

Avoid in horses due to potential colic

A

Glycopyrrolate

74
Q

A phenothiazine that should be avoided in epilleptics and stallions
Supresses the sympathetic nervous system to help with nausea and cause vasodilation
Good in geriatric pts

A

Acepromazine

75
Q

A benzodiazepine used often in heart pts
Stimulates appetites in felines
Muscle relaxer and good for cardio pts
AKA valium

76
Q

A component of telazol

77
Q

Analgesic and sedative

AKA Rompun

78
Q

A2A approved for use in horses but can be used in other species
VERY POTENT

A

Detomidine

79
Q

Most potent sedative

A

Detomidine

80
Q

3 pure agonists

A

Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone

81
Q

Dexmedetomidine antagonist

82
Q

Can be given PO in cats

Longest duration of action for narcotics

A

Buprenorphine

83
Q

AKA Torbugesic

A

Butorphanol

84
Q

VERY WEAK NARCOTIC

A

Nalbuphine

85
Q

Xylazine antagonist

86
Q

Reverses all narcotics

87
Q

Transdermal narcotic

88
Q

These type of drugs prevent bradycardia and decrease salivation
Not controlled
Reversed with physostigmine or pilocarpine

A

Anticholinergics

89
Q

These type of drugs are used for sedation and hypotension

Not controlled and not reversible

A

Phenothiazines

90
Q

These type of drugs are used for muscle relaxation
CONTROLLED
Reversed with flumazenil

A

Benzodiazepines

91
Q

These type of drugs are used for sedation with analgesia
Not controlled
Reversed with yohimbine or atipamazole

A

Alpha 2 Agonists

92
Q

These type of drugs are used to reverse Alpha 2 Agonists to wake patients
Not controlled

A

Alpha 2 Antagonists

93
Q

These type of drugs are used for pain relief

Some are controlled and reversible

94
Q

These type of drugs reverse the effects of narcotics to make the patient more alert
Not controlled

A

Narcotic Antagonists

Anesthesia I (7 decks)

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