Introduction Review Flashcards
City-state
city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state
Athens
Capital
Create democracy form of gov
Formed Delian league
Parthenon
Well-preserved temple in Athens
Direct democracy
All citizens meet in an assembly and vote on laws
Representative democracy
People elect people to make decisions for them
Limited democracy
Power is only partially in the hands of the people
Olympics
Series of games and competition that started in Ancient Greece
Persian wars
Athens and the other city-states teamed up to defeat Persian empire
They won
Peloponnesian war
Delian league (Athens) against Peloponnesian league (Sparta) Sparta won
Delian league
Athens league formed to protect city states from further attacks
Peloponnesian league
Sparta’s league
Alexander the Great
After the war, he took over the city states and land all the way up to India
Was never defeated
From Macedonia
After his death his empire was split up and conquered by the Romans
Philosophy
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Socrates
Taught people to question to arrive at an answer
Sentenced to death for “corrupting the youth”
Plato
Student of Socrates
He thought the most intelligent should rule
Aristotle
Student of Plato
Taught Alexander the Great
Pythagoras
Calculated the sides of a right triangle
Theorem and trigonometry
Ptolemy
Thought earth was center of the universe
Astronomer as well as many other things
Drama
Greeks created both comedy and tragedy
Were women treated better in Athens or Sparta? Why?
Sparta because they had more freedom and things to do (responsibility)
How did Greece’s geography impact its choice of government?
Cities were too isolated from each other so they created city states
Why were Athenian males given well-rounded educations?
Something
How was the Peloponnesian war both a victory and a defeat for Sparta?
They won against Athens
But the war split up and weakened Greece
What ultimately happened to the Greeks?
Alexander the Great took over a lot of land after the Peloponnesian war
After his death the empire was split up and later conquered by the Romans
Republic
a country that is governed by elected representatives and leader rather than a king or queen
Senate
Made the laws for Romans
Assembly
Normally headed the Roman Empire
Julius Caesar
Famous ruler of Roman Empire
Augustus Caesar
He declared himself as emperor of the Roman empire and republic came to an end as a result of this
He was able to gain the support of people in preserve peace by having bread and circuses
Bread and circuses
Free food and entertainment (gladiators and chariots)
Pantheon
Famous Roman temple to the gods
Polytheism
Belief in more than one God
Christianity
Major religion that emerged during this time and earning the faith in Europe
Its capital is Vatican City
Compare and contrast Rome’s geography of Greece, who’s is better, why?
Rome had not as many mountains and islands and was less isolated from all
Rome because no isolation
Same: both in Mediterranean Sea and near water (coastal)
Compare and contrast Rome’s republic to Athen’s democracy, which one is more like the United States, why?
Rome had two consuls, not one
Both no dictator (except for Rome in times of war)
Rome is more like US because they have two houses and they elect officials
Why did Julius Caesar come to power?
By bringing an end to a civil war between rich and poor
Why did the republic come to an end with Augustus? What does Rome begin to call itself? Why?
Augustus declared himself emperor of the Roman Empire
They called themselves an empire because there is an emperor
What happened to the Roman Empire?
They were conquered by the barbarians
Medieval
Means Middle Age in Latin
Sacraments
Sacred rituals of Catholic Church
Baptism, Reconcilation, First communion, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, last rites
Crusades
Wars between Christians and Muslims over holy land (Jerusalem)
Feudalism
Social system which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return
Knights
Soldier who had high social rank, wore armor, and rode a horse
Magna Carta
King John signed it
It said: everyone must obey the law and the king is not above the law (part of everyone)
Hundred Years’ War
War between France and England that devastated both
Bubonic Plague
Disease that brought end to the Middle Ages
Killed 1/3 of Europe
Spread by fleas and rats
When did the Middle Ages occur?
500-1500 AD
After fall of Roman Empire and before Renaissance
Why was there so much fighting during this time?
No countries with specific borders, just tribes
Why was the Catholic Church so important during this time?
People were worried about the afterlife, mostly because there was a lot of death going around
Church replaced knowledge (“God would want everything so” he is the reason for things happening)
Why are the Sacraments important?
You had to complete them in order to go to heaven and not burn in hell for all eternity
Give 3 examples of church corruption
Priests violated vows of chastity and poverty
Pope could kick people and country out of church and threatened them with this
Simony: selling of church positions
How did feudalism work? Was it democratic?
(Social system which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return)
There were monarchs so no, it was not democratic
Why is the Magna Carta so important
First official thing or document that said the king is not above the law
What events brought the middle ages to an end?
Bubonic plague, Hundred Years’ War, people started to doubt God was the reason for EVERYTHING
Renaissance
Rebirth
Occurred from 1300s to 1600s
Humanism
Art and literature beginning to focus on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
Johann Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
Leonardo da Vinci
Ideal Renaissance man
Painted Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Sketched inventions and dissected human corpses to learn more about human anatomy
Michelangelo
Painted Sistine chapel
Sculpted statue of David and The Pieta
Raphael
Painted the famous school of Athens, and imaginary gathering of great scientists and thinkers
Machiavelli
Wrote the prince as a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power
William Shakespeare
English playwright
Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, and The Tempest
How was the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages?
It focused on human experience in the here and now
Emphasis on individual achievement
Desire for adventure and exploration
Why was the inventing of the printing press so important?
Spread Renaissance ideas to the Northern parts of Europe
What instructions did The Prince give future rulers?
“The ends justify the means”
Rulers should be ruthless as necessary in order to achieve their goals
Why did the Catholic Church condemn the ideas of Kepler, Copernicus, and Galileo?
Their ideas contradicted the ideas that were supported in the Middle Ages
What were some of the most famous works of art produced by da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael?
da Vinci: Mona Lisi and Last Supper
Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel and The Pieta
Raphael: School of Athens
Indulgence
Pardons for sins that were sold by the Church
Johann Tetzel
Primary seller of indulgences
Martin Luther
German monk
Opposed indulgences
95 theses
Published bible in common local language
95 theses
95 things Martin Luther came up with in the bible
Posted them to a church door
Reformation
religious movement that led to the establishment of the Protestant churches
Protestant
Reformation that took place
Lutheran
First Protestant church
Henry VIII
Had 6 wives
Divorced, decapitated, died, divorced, decapitated, lived
Wanted a son
Created Church of England (Anglican)
Anglican
Church that evolved from Henry VIII’s wives and decisions
Who is the head of the Roman Catholic Church?
The pope
Why was Luther kicked out from the church?
He believed and published different ideas than Roman Catholics
What were Luther’s 2 basic beliefs?
Salvation comes through faith ALONE
The bible is the sole source of truth
Why did Henry VIII break form the church and what church did he create?
The church (and pope) would not annul his marriage with Catharine Created Anglican Church
Who became the new head of the Church
The king/queen
Bartholomew Dias
Travelled to cape of good hope
Vasco de Gama
Travelled around Africa to the indies
Christopher Columbus
Travelled/discovered North America
Arrived in Carribeans
Ferdinand Magllan
First person to travel around the entire world
Henry Hudson
Travelled to more northern part of NA
arrived in present day NY
Another voyage to Hudson Bay
Was left to die alone there
