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European History > Age Of Absolutism And Enlightenment > Flashcards

Age Of Absolutism And Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Huguenots

A

French Protestants

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2
Q

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

3,000 Huguenots were killed

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3
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Granted religious toleration and other freedoms to Huguenots

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4
Q

Louis XIV

A 
Inherited throne at 5
Disorder sweeps France after this
Converted to Catholicism
Advisor is Cardinal Mazarin
"I am the state"
Believed in his divine right to rule with absolute power
Sun King
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5
Q

Sun King

A

Nickname for Louis XIV because everything revolved around him and he sort of dominated everything

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6
Q

Henry IV

A

Huguenot prince who inherited the throne

Did Edict of Nantes and restored order to France after the quarrel between Huguenots and Catholics

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7
Q

“I am the State”

A

Quote by Louis XIV

Something else

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8
Q

Intendants

A

Were appointed by Louis XIV

Collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out policies

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9
Q

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

A

Louis XIV’s finance minister
Imposed mercantilist policies
High tariffs on imported goods

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10
Q

Mercantilism

A

Belief that colonies are necessary to supply countries with gold and silver

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11
Q

Versailles

A

Massive palace Louis XIV built during his reign

Symbolizes his royal power

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12
Q

Levée

A

King’s rising: daily grand ritual that emphasized his own importance
Louis manipulated the nobles into becoming his servants by making them want privileges instead of power (their peer was a threat to monarchy power)

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13
Q

Balance of power

A

Balance of military and economic power between European countries
Look up textbook definition

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14
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A 
Wrote Leviathan
Bad view of human nature
Order is purpose of gov
Absolute monarchy is the best
Influenced Constitution with powerful executive branch
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15
Q

State of Nature

A

Situation without government, employed in social contract theory to justify political authority

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16
Q

John Locke

A

Wrote Two Treaties of Government
Good view of human nature
Gov needs to protect natural rights
People should have right to revolt, limited monarchy is the best
His ideas would influence important American Revolution leaders (Ben Franklin, Jefferson, Madison)
His idea of revolution would echo across Europe and Latin America

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17
Q

Natural Rights

A

Rights that belonged to everyone from birth, including life, liberty, and property

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18
Q

Philosophes

A

Means philosophers in French
People/writers/thinkers of the Enlightenment
Include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, Denis Diderot, and Adam Smith

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19
Q

Rousseau

A

Wrote The Social Contract
People are born good but are corrupted by society
Gov should provide for general will
Thought majority rules
Influenced Thomas Paine and brought to mind voting/elections

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20
Q

Voltaire

A

Wrote Candide
New ideas: Freedom of Speech (1st amendment in Bill of Rights)
Real name: Francois-Marie Arouet

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21
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Wrote The Spirit of the Laws
Good view of human nature
Gov prevents tyranny (which is a bad absolute monarchy)
Came up with 3 branches of gov, separation of powers, and checks and balances
Influenced US with his 3 branches and checks and balances: executive-president-veto; legislative-Congress-impeach President and override veto; judicial-Supreme Court-judicial review

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22
Q

Social contract

A

People give up their freedom for an organized society/protection

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22
Q

Diderot

A

Wrote Encyclopedia

Published ideas of enlightenment and like that spread across Atlantic to Americas

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23
Q

Laissez faire

A

Government should stay out of buissness affairs

24
Q

Adam Smith

A

Wrote the Wealth of Nations
Good view of human nature
Government should protect protect liberties and stay out of business affairs
Leads to our free-market capitalism: few rules on trade
Laissez faire and invisible hand

25
Q

Invisible hand

A

People can determine for themselves which products are and bad

26
Q

Liberalism

A

Belief that government should be based on written Constitutions that stress equality and liberty

27
Q

Censorship

A

Restricting access to ideas and information
Enlightened writes faced this when government and church authorities protected themselves with censorship to defend old order

28
Q

Salons

A

Informal social gatherings were people spared ideas of Enlightenment
Madame Geoffrin’s salon was respected and brought together bright and talented people, including young Mozarr

29
Q

Enlightened despots

A

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
Include Frederick the Great, Catharine the Great, and Joseph II

30
Q

Frederick the Great

A

Exerted tight control over subjects and duty to work for common good
Openly praised Voltaires work
Reduced use of torture, more freedom of press, …

31
Q

Catharine the Great

A

Empress of Russia
Read and praised Voltaire
Believed in equality and Liberty
Was not truly enlightened: when she heard of French Revolution, she backed away and changed her mind completely about enlightenment because she was afraid of Russia becoming like France

32
Q

Joseph II

A

Eager student of Enlightenment and most enlightened of all leaders
Supported religious equality, ended censorship (by allowing a free press), sold church/monastery properties that weren’t being well-used

33
Q

Constitutional government

A

Government whose power is defined and limited by law

34
Q

Parliament

A

Two houses: House of Commons and House of Lords
4 main roles: check and challenge work of gov, make and change laws, debate important issues of the day, check and approve gov spending

35
Q

House of Commons

A

Publicly elected
Leader: Prime Minister
Made up of common people (in the past)

36
Q

House of Lords

A

In past: born into, composed of nobles and lords
Now: complements work of House of Commons, public recommends individuals for appointment
Leader: monarch (King or Queen)

37
Q

George I

A

Spoke no English
Cabinet evolved under him
Relied on leaders of Parliament to help him
German

38
Q

George II

A

Still didn’t speak English

Relied on Cabinet

39
Q

Cabinet

A

Handful of Parliamentary advisors who met in small room called Cabinet
Helped and advised George I and II

40
Q

Tory

A

Aristocrats who wanted to preserve old tradition; they supported royal powers and a dominant Anglican Church

41
Q

Whigs

A

Backed policies of Glorious Revolution

We’re more likely to support urban business interests and religious toleration, and favor Parliament over the crown

42
Q

Prime minster

A

Leads Cabinet and House of Commons

Eventually the chief of British gov and power exceeds the monarch’s

43
Q

Robert Walpole

A

First Prime Minister, although technically it wasn’t very official
Molded Cabinet into unified body by requiring all members to agree on major issues
He’s a Whig too

44
Q

United Kingdom of Great Britain

A

Long name for a small county

Anyway, it’s England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland all together

45
Q

George III

A 
60-year region, born in England
Spoke English!
Was eager to recover powers of the crown
Wanted to end Whig domination
Insisted on his leadership being recognized
His policies would prove disastrous
Americans rebelled against him
46
Q

American Revolution

A

Inspired by Enlightenment

During George III’s reign

47
Q

Physiocrats

A

People who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land agriculture/development and that agricultural products should be highly priced

48
Q

Baroque

A

Art in the age of Louis XIV
IT WAS GRAND, ORNATE, AND FULL OF EXCITEMENT, JUST LIKE THIS TEXT
Gloried historic battles or lives of saints

49
Q

Rococo

A 
Moved away from religion
More light, elegant, and charming, like pastels and flowers
Philosphes criticized it for its superficiality but middle and upper class liked it
50
Q

Neo-classicism

A

Clear and serious; down-to-earth

Was brought back with Greek and Roman styles

51
Q

Robinson Crusoe

A

Book about man stranded on an island

Spread ideas of Enlightenment discreetly

52
Q

Oligarchy

A

Ruling power belongs to a few people

55
Q

Contrast mercantilism with laissez faire affaires

A

Mercantilism relies on colonies to supply gold and silver and involves government, while laissez faire allows businesses to operate without government interference and people can determine for themselves which products are good and bad.

56
Q

Who are enlightened despots, what does the term mean, and what did they do to earn that title?

A

Enlightened despots are absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. Frederick II, Catharine the Great, and Joseph II were all enlightened despots.
See other flash cards for more details

57
Q

Describe Britain’s Parliament. How does one become a member of each house? How is the Prime Minister selected? Why was a Cabinet created? Describe the different relationships that George I, II, III each has with their Cabinets.

A

For the House of Commons, one must be public ally elected; for the House of Lords, one must be recommended by public for appointment. The Prime minister is the leader of the political party that wins an overall majority in the House of Commons. A Cabinet was created to help George I understand English and advise him during his reign. George I and II used the Cabinet for understanding and advice. George III wanted to restore royal power and neglected and tried to end the Cabinet.

58
Q

Thought they were English and French, how did each of the Enlightenment thinkers contribute to the new United States government?

A

Hobbes: influenced Constitution with powerful executive branch
Locke: influenced important people like Franklin, Jefferson and Madison. Also, idea of right to Revolution
Rousseau: voting & elections
Voltaire: freedom of speech (first amendment)
Montesquieu: branches of gov and checks and balances
Diderot: spreads enlightenment ideas to US through Encyclopedia
Smith: free-market capitalism (economy)

63
Q

In what ways was Louis XIV an absolute monarch?

A 
Estates general did not check power
Had intendants
Built very strong army
"I am the state"
Colbert builds France's finances
Manipulating nobles to do serve him
64
Q

How did Louis XIV manage to bankrupt France?

A

Spent a lot of money on wars that he mostly loses and gets nothing out of
Persecuted Huguenots, the most hard-working people, so this was a serious blow to French economy

European History (7 decks)

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