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European History > Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Charles Townshend

A

Invented crop rotation

Replaced nutrients in soil, allows enclosure, and farmers kicked off tenant farmers

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2
Q

Jethro Tull

A

Invented seed drill

Deposited seeds in rows

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3
Q

James Watt

A

Invented steam engine

Opened door to operating machinery and powered locomotives and steamboats

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4
Q

John Kay

A

Invented flying shuttle

Enabled weavers to work very quickly and efficiently

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5
Q

James Hargreaves

A

Invented spinning jenny

Spun many threads at one time

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6
Q

Abraham Darby

A

Used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, resulting in better quality iron

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7
Q

Robert Fulton

A

Invented steam boat

Could travel rivers upstream

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8
Q

George Stephenson

A

Invented steam-powered locomotives

Could pull carriages along iron rails

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9
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Better hygiene in hospitals
Death rate of sick significantly dropped 60%=>2%
Founded worlds first school of nursing

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10
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Steel making process
Still production dramatically increases
Steel becomes lighter, harder, and more durable than iron

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11
Q

Alfred Noble

A

Invented dynamite
Explosive much safer than others used at the time
Used in construction and warfare

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12
Q

Alessandro Volta

A

Invented battery

Provided energy

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13
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Invented lightbulb

Factories could keep working after dark

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14
Q

Alexander Graham

A

Invented telephone

People could communicate fast than with telegraphs

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15
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A

Invented radio

Cornerstone of today’s global communications network

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16
Q

Luis Pasteur

A

Pasteurization and vaccines
Prevented people from getting a disease and dying
Pasteurization: heat up milk, saves many lives

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17
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Invented antiseptics

Sterilizing instruments and washing hands before operating reduced deaths from infection

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18
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolution and natural selection

Came up with idea that animals are naturally selected to survive by their fitness for survival

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19
Q

Gottlieb Daimler

A

Invented four-wheeled automobile

Transformed transportation

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20
Q

Henry Ford

A

Assembly line

Mass produced cares, which made US and leader in automobile industry

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21
Q

Enlclosure

A

Enclosed farms to prevent tenant farmers from farming during the off season

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22
Q

Textile

A

Cloth

Flying shuttle and spinning jenny dramatically changed textile industry

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23
Q

Middle Class

A

Men were lawyers, managers, accountants, …
Women didn’t work or take care of kids, went to tea parties
Children went to boarding/private schools
Appearance vs Reality, wanted to look rich, fake it till you make it
Lack of sympathy for lower class

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24
Q

Working Class

A

Men and women work, can’t read and write (eduction isn’t useful for them)
Children are at work or are watched over by bigger kids
Henry Ford’s impact: turned skilled worked into unskilled labor

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25
Q

Factory

A

Placed where people worked

Made more boring by Taylorism

26
Q

Frederick Winslow Taylor

A

Turned skilled work into unskilled labor

27
Q

Luddites

A

Violent protesters
Blowing up machines didn’t really work because factory owners buy knew ones and eventually Luddites are arrested
Punishment = death

28
Q

Labor Unions

A

Organization of workers that collectively bargains and negotiates for better pay and working conditions

29
Q

Methodism

A

Founder = John Wesley

Said to save your money, be thrifty when spending it, work hard, don’t get fired, and stay sober

30
Q

John Wesley

A

Founder of Methodism

31
Q

Laissez Faire

A

Government does not get involved in business affaires

Part of capitalism

32
Q

Capitalism

A

Belief that government should not interfere with economy and private cooper rations own mean of production

33
Q

Adam Smith

A

Believed that a free market (no gov intervention) would help everyone, not just rich

WELL HE WAS WRONG
asshole

34
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Predicted that population would outpace food supply
Only check on population were war, disease, and famine
Inspired Darwin’s theory of evolution
As long as pop kept growing, people would suffer

WELL HE WAS ALSO WRONG
another asshole

35
Q

Social Darwinism

A 
Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to society
Rich people were more fit than others
War weeded out weak people and nations
Victory = sign of superiority
Encouraged racism
36
Q

David Ricardo

A

Iron Law of Wages

37
Q

Iron Law of Wages

A

Wages up, pop up, labor supply up, unemployment up, wages down, pop down, labor supply down, unemployment down, wages up and it repeats forever and ever

38
Q

Utilitarianism

A

The goal of society should be to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

39
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Laws or actions should be judged by their motility (did they provide more pleasure than pain)

40
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Bentham’s chief follower
Believed gov should step in to improve hard lives of working class
**women given the RIGHT TO VOTE
No drastic change

41
Q

Socialism

A

Workers as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate means of production

42
Q

Utopias

A

Named after Sir Thomas More’s book Utopia
Believed in self sufficient communities, all work and property owned and shared by people, no difference between rich and poor

43
Q

Robert Owen

A

Created a socialist community in New Lanark, Scotland

44
Q

Marxism

A

Form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable

45
Q

Karl Marx

A

Books: Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto

Believed in constant struggle between “haves” (bourgeoisie) and “have-nots” (proletariat)

46
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Haves

Upper and middle classes

47
Q

Proletariats

A

Have-nots

Working class

48
Q

Communism

A

Form of Marxism that says the government should own and operate the means of production

49
Q

Imperialism

A

The domination of one country by another

50
Q

Leopold II

A

First to conquer Africa
From Belgium
Violent, not a good person

51
Q

Berlin Conference

A

European powers met here to decide how to divide up Africa

52
Q

Italo-Ethiopian war

A

Ethiopia defeated Italy

53
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

Japan defeated Russia

54
Q

Explain causes of Industrial Revolution

A

Agricultural Revolution: crop rotation, seed drill, enclosure, sending tenant farmers into cities
Population Explosion: people were staying alive and living longer (hygiene in hospitals, vaccines, antiseptics)
Energy Revolution: STEAM ENGINE (steam boat, locomotive, also factories can be built anywhere), battery

55
Q

What factors allowed Britain to industrialize first?

A

Had coal and iron
Lots of new technology (ex spinning Jenny)
A lot of capitalism to invest in factories
Few laws prevent businesses from exploiting their workers

56
Q

In what ways was middle class life diff from working class life

A

Mid had eduction, work did not
Women don’t do anything in mid, women work in work
Mid is concerned about looking good/appearance, work is concerned about surviving

57
Q

Why did Malthus and Ricardo argue against helping the poor?

A

Poor people had too many children and nature/society would eventually weed them out as the weak ones

58
Q

How do socialists and Marxists differ on how equality will come about

A

Socialism: peaceful to arrive at equality
Marxism: requires revolution to get to peaceful socialist starting point

59
Q

Why did Europeans want to conquer lands in Africa and Asia?

A

Because the Americas were already taken
Natural resources for factories
New markets to trade with = $
Prestige: France has a lot of land in Africa, but most of it is desert (looks good on a map)
Humanitarian resources: medicine, education, Christianity
Social Darwinism: wanted to prove they’re stronger and more fit

60
Q

What were the effects of imperialism

A

On Africans and Asians: loss of independence and natural resources, railroads and postal systems created, some education and Christianization

European History (7 decks)

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