Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Charles Townshend
Invented crop rotation
Replaced nutrients in soil, allows enclosure, and farmers kicked off tenant farmers
Jethro Tull
Invented seed drill
Deposited seeds in rows
James Watt
Invented steam engine
Opened door to operating machinery and powered locomotives and steamboats
John Kay
Invented flying shuttle
Enabled weavers to work very quickly and efficiently
James Hargreaves
Invented spinning jenny
Spun many threads at one time
Abraham Darby
Used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, resulting in better quality iron
Robert Fulton
Invented steam boat
Could travel rivers upstream
George Stephenson
Invented steam-powered locomotives
Could pull carriages along iron rails
Florence Nightingale
Better hygiene in hospitals
Death rate of sick significantly dropped 60%=>2%
Founded worlds first school of nursing
Henry Bessemer
Steel making process
Still production dramatically increases
Steel becomes lighter, harder, and more durable than iron
Alfred Noble
Invented dynamite
Explosive much safer than others used at the time
Used in construction and warfare
Alessandro Volta
Invented battery
Provided energy
Thomas Edison
Invented lightbulb
Factories could keep working after dark
Alexander Graham
Invented telephone
People could communicate fast than with telegraphs
Guglielmo Marconi
Invented radio
Cornerstone of today’s global communications network
Luis Pasteur
Pasteurization and vaccines
Prevented people from getting a disease and dying
Pasteurization: heat up milk, saves many lives
Joseph Lister
Invented antiseptics
Sterilizing instruments and washing hands before operating reduced deaths from infection
Charles Darwin
Evolution and natural selection
Came up with idea that animals are naturally selected to survive by their fitness for survival
Gottlieb Daimler
Invented four-wheeled automobile
Transformed transportation
Henry Ford
Assembly line
Mass produced cares, which made US and leader in automobile industry
Enlclosure
Enclosed farms to prevent tenant farmers from farming during the off season
Textile
Cloth
Flying shuttle and spinning jenny dramatically changed textile industry
Middle Class
Men were lawyers, managers, accountants, …
Women didn’t work or take care of kids, went to tea parties
Children went to boarding/private schools
Appearance vs Reality, wanted to look rich, fake it till you make it
Lack of sympathy for lower class
Working Class
Men and women work, can’t read and write (eduction isn’t useful for them)
Children are at work or are watched over by bigger kids
Henry Ford’s impact: turned skilled worked into unskilled labor
Factory
Placed where people worked
Made more boring by Taylorism
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Turned skilled work into unskilled labor
Luddites
Violent protesters
Blowing up machines didn’t really work because factory owners buy knew ones and eventually Luddites are arrested
Punishment = death
Labor Unions
Organization of workers that collectively bargains and negotiates for better pay and working conditions
Methodism
Founder = John Wesley
Said to save your money, be thrifty when spending it, work hard, don’t get fired, and stay sober
John Wesley
Founder of Methodism
Laissez Faire
Government does not get involved in business affaires
Part of capitalism
Capitalism
Belief that government should not interfere with economy and private cooper rations own mean of production
Adam Smith
Believed that a free market (no gov intervention) would help everyone, not just rich
WELL HE WAS WRONG
asshole
Thomas Malthus
Predicted that population would outpace food supply
Only check on population were war, disease, and famine
Inspired Darwin’s theory of evolution
As long as pop kept growing, people would suffer
WELL HE WAS ALSO WRONG
another asshole
Social Darwinism
Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to society Rich people were more fit than others War weeded out weak people and nations Victory = sign of superiority Encouraged racism
David Ricardo
Iron Law of Wages
Iron Law of Wages
Wages up, pop up, labor supply up, unemployment up, wages down, pop down, labor supply down, unemployment down, wages up and it repeats forever and ever
Utilitarianism
The goal of society should be to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Jeremy Bentham
Laws or actions should be judged by their motility (did they provide more pleasure than pain)
John Stuart Mill
Bentham’s chief follower
Believed gov should step in to improve hard lives of working class
**women given the RIGHT TO VOTE
No drastic change
Socialism
Workers as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate means of production
Utopias
Named after Sir Thomas More’s book Utopia
Believed in self sufficient communities, all work and property owned and shared by people, no difference between rich and poor
Robert Owen
Created a socialist community in New Lanark, Scotland
Marxism
Form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable
Karl Marx
Books: Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto
Believed in constant struggle between “haves” (bourgeoisie) and “have-nots” (proletariat)
Bourgeoisie
Haves
Upper and middle classes
Proletariats
Have-nots
Working class
Communism
Form of Marxism that says the government should own and operate the means of production
Imperialism
The domination of one country by another
Leopold II
First to conquer Africa
From Belgium
Violent, not a good person
Berlin Conference
European powers met here to decide how to divide up Africa
Italo-Ethiopian war
Ethiopia defeated Italy
Russo-Japanese War
Japan defeated Russia
Explain causes of Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution: crop rotation, seed drill, enclosure, sending tenant farmers into cities
Population Explosion: people were staying alive and living longer (hygiene in hospitals, vaccines, antiseptics)
Energy Revolution: STEAM ENGINE (steam boat, locomotive, also factories can be built anywhere), battery
What factors allowed Britain to industrialize first?
Had coal and iron
Lots of new technology (ex spinning Jenny)
A lot of capitalism to invest in factories
Few laws prevent businesses from exploiting their workers
In what ways was middle class life diff from working class life
Mid had eduction, work did not
Women don’t do anything in mid, women work in work
Mid is concerned about looking good/appearance, work is concerned about surviving
Why did Malthus and Ricardo argue against helping the poor?
Poor people had too many children and nature/society would eventually weed them out as the weak ones
How do socialists and Marxists differ on how equality will come about
Socialism: peaceful to arrive at equality
Marxism: requires revolution to get to peaceful socialist starting point
Why did Europeans want to conquer lands in Africa and Asia?
Because the Americas were already taken
Natural resources for factories
New markets to trade with = $
Prestige: France has a lot of land in Africa, but most of it is desert (looks good on a map)
Humanitarian resources: medicine, education, Christianity
Social Darwinism: wanted to prove they’re stronger and more fit
What were the effects of imperialism
On Africans and Asians: loss of independence and natural resources, railroads and postal systems created, some education and Christianization
