Introduction pt 1

Question 1

Three major approaches to studying embryology:

Answer 1

Anatomical approaches
Experimental approaches
Genetic approaches

Question 2

4 Anatomical approach:

1._____ Study of how anatomy changes during development of different organisms

2._____ Study of how changes in development

3. ____ The study of birth defects
4. ____ Seeks to describe developmental phenomena in terms of equations

Answer 2

Comparative embryology

Evolutionary embryology

Teratology

Mathematical modeling of development

Question 3

ARISTOTLE:

Different ways animals are born

____ Eggs hatch outside the mother
____ Growth in placenta live brith
____ Eggs hatch inside the mother

Answer 3

Oviparity
Viviparity
Ovoviviparity

Question 4

ARISTOTLE:

An application of _____ Identified the two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed

1. _____
   The entire egg is divided into smaller cells like in frogs and mammals
2. _____
   Part of the egg becomes the embryo and the other is nutrition like reptiles and birds

Answer 4

Comparative Embryology

1. Holoblastic pattern of cleavage
2. Meroblastic pattern of cleavage

Question 5

EVOLUTIONARY EMBRYOLOGY:

______

_____ Share a close evolutionary relative with similar structure, like a human and seal limb.

____ Similar purpose but not necesaarily same structure. Like a butterfly and a bird both flying. Or like a Shark(fish) and dolphin (mammal)

Answer 5

Embryonic homologies

Homologous

Analogous

Question 6

TERATOLOGY:

______
Caused by a dominant mutation in a ___ on the long arm of the chromosome.

Causes the proliferation and migration of neural crest cells, germ cell precursors, and blood cell precursors

Answer 6

Plebaldism

gene (KIT)

Question 7

TERATOLOGY:

_____
Abnormalities caused by exogenous agents

Agents responsible for it are called ____

Answer 7

Disruptions

Teratogen

Question 8

TERATOLOGY:

_____

Hypnotic agent widely used in Europe

Caused 7000 infants to be born with ____ or ____

Limb abnormalities

Answer 8

Thalidomide

Thalidomide syndrome
Phocomelia

Question 9

TERATOLOGY

_____ and ____ made observations for Thalidomide

____ Documented the period of susceptibility which is ___ - ___ days postconception and ____ - ____ days after last menstruation

____ Grammy nominated german singer with Phocomelia

Answer 9

McBride and Lenz

Nowack
20-36 days postconception
34-50 after last menstruation

Thomas Quasthoff

Question 10

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS:

_____ in 5th century bc

He tried to explain development in terms of the principles of heat, wetness, and solidification

Believed embryo began development by extracting moisture and breath from mother.

Condensations and fires responsible for the development of bones, belly, and circulation in the embtyo and fetus.

Supported the view that human fetus gained nourisshment by sucking blood

Answer 10

Hippocrates

Question 11

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS:

_____
Established “Embryology” as an independent field

Figured out the functions of ____ and the ____

Defined ____ and ____

Answer 11

Aristotle

Placenta and the Umbilical cord

Epigenesis and Preformation

Question 12

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS:

_____
Concluded that all animals originate from eggs (even mammals)

First to see the ___ (layer of cells that develop on the surface of the yolk which gives rise to the disk where the embryo develops) of the chick embryo

Answer 12

William Harvey (1651)

Blastoderm

Question 13

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS:

Harvey’s on the generation of Living Creatures motto on the frontpiece:

Answer 13

Ex ovo omnia!

Question 14

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS:

_____ (1672)

Drew first micrograph of developing chick embryos and published the first microscopic account of chick development

Ignited debate within preformationist vs epigenesist

Answer 14

Marcello Malphigi (1672)

Question 15

How debate between epigenesis and preformation

1._____
The body is already patterned in miniature, within the early embryo

No evolution

2._____
The structures of the body arise de novo (from scratch) at each generation during embryogenesis

Embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell

Answer 15

Preformationism

Epigenesis

Question 16

DESCRIPTIVE EMBRYOLOGY

______
The first embryologist
Visualized epigenesis of embryonic germ layer

He also discovered _____

Answer 16

Christian Pander

Tissue Interactions (Induction)

Question 17

Embryonic germ layer (3)

______
Outer layer
______
Middle layer
______
Inner layer

Answer 17

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Question 18

DESCRIPTIVE EMBRYOLOGY:

_____
Observed the development of frogs, salamanders, fish, turtles, birds, and mammals

Discovered ____ in fishes it forms ____ in humans it forms ____, ____, and ____

Answer 18

Heinrich Rathke

Pharyngeal arches
Gill Apparatus
Jaw
Ears
Vertebrate Skull

Question 19

DESCRIPTIVE EMBRYOLOGY:

____
Found by Heinrich Rathke for the development of the pituitary gland

Answer 19

Rathke’s pouch

Question 20

DESCRIPTIVE EMBRYOLOGY

_____
“Father” of developmental biology

Expanded Pander’s studies on chick embryos

Idnetifies notochord rod of dorsal most mesoderm tissue

Mammalian egg

And differences among different vertebrate embryos

Answer 20

Karl Ernst Von Baer

Question 21

Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer:

1. _____
   Example: vertebrates appear very similar shortly after gastrulation
2. _____
   Example: All vertebrates initially have the same kind of skin
3. _____
   Example: human embryo does not turn into a lizard
4. _____
   Embryo of a human is similar to embryos of lower animals

Answer 21

Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer (summarized):

1. GENERAL FEATURES of a large group of animals appear EARLIER IN DEVELOPMENT than the specialized features.
2. LESS GENERAL CHARACTERS develop FROM THE MORE GENERAL, until the most specialized appear
3. EMBRYO of a given species, instead of passing through the adult stages of lower animals, DEPARTS more and more FROM LOWER ANIMALS
4. The EARLY EMBRYO of a higher animal is NEVER LIKE A FULLY FORMED LOWER ANIMAL, but only like its early embryo

Question 22

All vertebrate embryos have (4)

Answer 22

Pharyngeal arches

Notochord

Spinal cord

Primitive kidneys