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2nd Sem Dev Bio > CAGOD Cell-cell communication > Flashcards

CAGOD Cell-cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

Cell-cell communication:

_____
How do cells and tissues “know” how to develop?

_____
Proteins made by a cell that alter behavior and differentiation of adjacent cells

_____
Response to signals at the molecular level. The events within the cell that occur in response to a signal.

A

Induction and competence

Paracrine factors

Signal transduction

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2
Q

Cell-cell communication:

_____
the signaling molecule

_____
the molecule to which the *** binds, may be located on the plasma membrane

A

ligand

receptor protein

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3
Q

What determines the type of cell signaling? (2)

A

How far signaling molecule from receptor

Where receptor is located

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4
Q

Types of cell signaling (4)

Cell targets itself

Cell signals nearby cell

Cell signals distant cell

Cell targets neighboring cell through gap junction

A

Types of cell signaling (4)
Autocrine signaling

Paracrine signaling

Endocrine signaling

Direct signaling

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5
Q

Types of binding:

_____What type of signaling does it occur?

Identical adhesion molecule at an adjacent cell

non-identical adhesion molecule at an adjacent cell

A

Types of binding:
Juxtacrine signaling

Homophilic binding
Heterophilic binding

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6
Q

Types of receptors:

_____ Found in the CYTOPLASM, they respond to ____ molecules which are able to travel across the plasma membrane. The proteins usually act as regulators of mRNA synthesis to mediate gene expression.

_____ Found in the PLASMA MEMBRANE, they respond to _____ molecules to perform ____ where an extracellular signal is converted into an intercellular signal

A

Types of receptors:
Internal receptors, hydrophobic ligand molecules

Cell-surface receptors, hydrophilic ligand molecules
Signal transduction

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7
Q

Types of receptors (subclasses):

_____
ion channel that opens in response to a ligand

_____
receptor is an enzyme that is activated by ligand

_____
A G-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal

A

Types of receptors (subclasses):
Channel linked receptors

Enzymatic receptors

G protein-coupled receptors

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8
Q

Three stages of signal transduction (3)

_____ of extracellular signal by cell

_____ of signal from outside of cell to inside

_____ response is initiated/occurs within cell

A

Three stages of signal transduction (3)
Reception

Transduction

Cellular response

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9
Q

Development depends on the precise arrangement of tissues and cells.

_____ Interaction between two or more cells with different properties

______ the tissue that produces the SIGNAL: that changes cellular behavior of the other tissues

______ tissue being induced; the target tissue

______ competence of a cell to respond to a signal

A

Induction

Inducer

Responder

Competence

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10
Q

Induction - vertebrate eye development:

_____ from the brain make contact with the _____ which causes the development of the eye

______ (tissue thickening) induced in head by contact with neural tissue, this structure then induces brain to form _____ which is the pigment layer and neural retina

A

Optic vesicles
Surface ectoderm

Lens placode
Optic cup

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11
Q

Competence factors:

During lens induction _____ is expressed in the head but not anywhere else, thus it is a competence factor

Proven in experiment with rats with development in ____ but not the ____, caused by incompetent surface ectoderm

A

Pax6

Wild type rats

Pax6 mutant rats

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12
Q

Inducers:

There are usually multiple inducers.
The first inducers are likely the ____ and ____

The second inducers is _____

A

Pharyngeal endoderm
Heart-forming mesoderm

Anterior neural plate

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13
Q

Optic vesicle inducers:
______ (_____)
- ______ and ____

______(_____)
-_____

those (sub*)inducers along with Pax6 activate the lens-specific _____ gene

A

BMP4 (Bone Morphogenic protein 4)
- Sox2 & Sox3

Fgf8 (Fibroblast growth factor 8)
- L-maf

Crystallin

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14
Q

What stage does the endoderm develop?

What stage does the cardiac and mesoderm develop?

What stage does the retina develop?

A

Gastrula

in-between

Neurula

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15
Q

Inductive interactions:

______ (loosely packed cells) plays an instructive role to _____ (sheets or tubes of connected cells originating from any germ layer)

A

mesenchyme
epithelial cells

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16
Q

Mouse lens - reciptocal induction:

A structure does not need to be fully differentiated in order to have a function

The optic vesicle induces before it becomes ____

The ____ reciprocates by inducing the optic vesicle before the lens forms its characteristics fibers

A

Retina

lens placode

17
Q

Types of interactions (2)

_____
a signal from the inducer is REQUIRED for initiation new gene expression, cell not capable of differentiating

_____
Tissue has already specified but needs environmental change to allow expression of differentiated tissue

A

Instructive interaction

Permissive interaction

18
Q

18 ONWARDS IS CRAMMED

A
19
Q

Permissive example, tissues need to develop in _____

_____ source of the mesenchyme determines the structure of the epithelial derivative

A

fibronectin

Regional specificity

20
Q

Epithelial derivatives (5)

A

Hair
Scales
Feathers
Mammary glands
Sweat glands

21
Q

_____ epithelial response is limited to genomic capability

____ and ____ discovered that mesenchyme induces epithelial structures.
Also performed transplantation of tissues leading to _____ which is an organism made up of two or more indivs

_____ epithelial response is limited to genomic capability

A

Genetic specificity

Hans spermann
Oscar schotte
Chimeras

22
Q

What are the inducer molecules called? _____ or _____

A

Paracrine factors OR Growth and DIfferentiation Factors (GDF)

23
Q

Types of Paracrine Factor families (4):

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

Hedgehog family

Wingless gamily

TGF-B superfamily

24
Q

____ common way to change activity of a protein

_____ enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein

_____ enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

A

Phosphorylation

Protein kinase

Phosphatase

25
Q

Signal Transduction pathways (2)

____ critical in developmental processes like migrating neural crest cells, controlled by _____

_____ controlled by ____ and _____ which is facilitated by multiple pathway activators. Bone growth

A

RTK Pathway
p300

JAK-STAT Pathway
Janus kinase
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription

26
Q

Signal Transduction pathways (2)

_____ critical in limb and neural differentiation. Important part is the _____ to form the _____

_____ Fusion from the drosophila name and the vertebrate homologues ____

A

Hedgehog pathway
Cholesterol
Patched protein

Wnt (Wingless-related integration site)/ B-catenin pathway
Integrated

27
Q

_____ active durign development but should be repressed when youre an adult

A

Proto-Oncogenes

28
Q

Types of hedgehogs (3)

_____Sertoli cells of the testes
_____Gut and cartilage
_____Important in embryo development

A

Desert hedgehog

Indian hedgehog

Sonic Hedgehog

29
Q

____ are involved in the formation of numerous vertebrate organs, incredibly important receptors in the nervous system

Regulate which cells become optic ____ and which become _____

A

Notch proteins (NOTCH1-NOTCH4)

optic neurons
glial cells

30
Q

Three things that notch signaling regulates

A

Cellular proliferation
Differentiation
Apoptosis

31
Q

From the mesenchyme, ____ go to the ____

A

inductive signals
mesenchyme

32
Q

____ of inductions can generate different structures from the same responding tissue

In ____ the response to an inducer is determined by the ___ of the responding tissue

A

Regional specificity

Genetic specificity
Genome

33
Q

How are the signals between inducer and responder transmitted?

A

Paracrine factors or Growth and Differentiation factors (GDF)

34
Q

Components necessary of a signal/ response system must include (4):

A

1) A signal
2) A receptor for that signal
3) A mechanism to translate and/or transport the signal
4) A mechanism to translate the signal to a stimulation (or repression) of gene expression

35
Q

Context of the environment at which cells develop (3):

A
  • their immediate cellular neighborhood
  • their tissue identity
  • their position in the body.
36
Q

WNT 1 - Active in inducing the ___ of the somites to become ___ and is involved in the specification of the ____ cells

____ is necessary for kidney development and for female sex determination

____ critical in establishing the polarity of the insect and vertebrate limbs, as well as the promotion of the proliferation of stem cells

A

WNT 1
dorsal cells
muscle
midbrain

WNT 4

Wnt proteins

37
Q

Wnt/β-catenin Pathway:

_____
(tumor suppressor)
- targets β-catenin for degradation

_____
- prevents β-catenin dissociation

A

APC - adenomatosis polyposis coli

GSK-3 - Glycogen synthase kinase 3

2nd Sem Dev Bio (14 decks)

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