DEVELOPMENT BASED ON KIND OF PLANT

Question 1

_____ Involves the development of a plant’s form and structure through growth and cell differentiation.

_____ Refers to the formation of organs (roots, shoots, flowers) either directly from an explant or from callus culture in a controlled environment

Answer 1

Morphogenesis

Organogenesis

Question 2

Genetic Regulation of Plant Development:

____ Plant growth is regulated by genetic programs and environmental factors.

Gene Expression: Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled at multiple levels including genomic regulation (DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling), transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, translational control, and post-translational modifications.

Answer 2

Genetic Control

Question 3

Bryophyte Development
Life Cycle and Development:

1. ______ Consists of a spore capsule on a stalk (seta). It produces spores through meiosis.
2. ______ Spores are released from the capsule.
3. ______ Spores germinate into this, which is a thread-like chain of cells.
4. _____ into the mature ANS, which produces both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) reproductive organs.
5. _____ Sperm from the antheridia fertilizes the egg in the archegonia, forming a zygote that develops into a new sporophyte.

Answer 3

1. Sporophyte Stage
2. Spore Release
3. Protonema Stage

4.Gametophyte Stage

5. Fertilization

Question 4

Bryophyte Development
Structures:

______ Early filamentous stage.

_____ Different types of protonema cells. 2.1 are elongated cells, while 2.2 are narrower and lead to the formation of new gametophytes.

_____ Female organ containing the egg.

_____ Male organ releasing sperm.

Answer 4

Protonema

Chloronema and Caulonema

Archegonium

Antheridium

Question 5

Gymnosperm Development
Embryo Development:

_____ Conifers exhibit multiple embryo formation due to _____(embryo cleavage).

______ Not all embryos survive; many are eliminated during development.

_____ The surviving embryos develop into seeds that will grow into new plants.

Answer 5

Polyembryogeny
zygote division

Programmed Cell Death

Mature Embryo

Question 6

Ferns Development
Embryogenesis:

Spore Germination: Spores germinate into a ____.

Gametophyte Development: The prothallus contains both male and female reproductive organs.

Fertilization: Sperm fertilizes the egg, leading to the development of a new sporophyte.

____: grows out of the gametophyte.

Answer 6

gametophyte (prothallus)

Sporophyte

Question 7

Makes up the primary endosperm nucleus (3n) associated with dense material in the perinuclear cytoplasm that divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue

Answer 7

polar nuclei
the sperm nucleus

Question 8

In angiosperms there are three types of endosperm development

Answer 8

Nuclear
Cellular
Helobial

Question 9

Embryo vs Endosperm

Formation process:

Genetic Origin:

Answer 9

Formation process:
Embryo - fertilization
Endosperm - triple fusion

Genetic Origin:
Embryo - sperm and egg cell
Endosperm - binucleate central cell & sperm cell

Question 10

Embryo vs Endosperm

Ploidy level:

Developmental role:

Answer 10

Ploidy level:
Embryo - Diploid (2n)
Endosperm - Triploid (3n)

Developmental role:
Embryo - new individual
Endosperm - provides nutrients

Question 11

_____: Organized cellular structures capable of indeterminate growth which contains an organized core of undifferentiated “stem cells” which can divide and differentiate to produce adult tissues; located at plant growth points.

______: Undifferentiated cells in the meristems that can produce various tissues.

______: Types of cell divisions in meristems affecting growth direction; periclinal being parallel to organ surface, anticlinal perpendicular.

______: straight line about which a body or a geometric figure rotates

______: are functional repetitive units of a plant, continually produced by root and shoot meristems throughout a plant’s vegetative life-cycle

Answer 11

Meristems

Stem cells

Periclinal and Anticlinal Divisions

Plant axis

Phytomers

Question 12

______: Meristematic tissue essential for radial growth in vascular plants.

_____: Another meristematic tissue involved in forming the bark of trees.

_____: Meristem located at the tips of roots, involved in root growth.

_____: Meristem at the tip of the shoot, crucial for aerial growth.

_____: Cell in the basal daughter that contributes to the primary root meristem.

______: Directional property contributing to the spatial arrangement in cells and tissues.

______: Cytoplasmic channels between cells allowing communication and transport.

______: The ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell, common in plant cells.

Answer 12

Vascular cambium

Cork cambium

Root Apical Meristem (RAM)

Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)

Hypophysis

Polarity

Plasmodesmata

Totipotency