Drosophila and Xenopus Flashcards
B. Fly
Scientific name _____
Introduced by _____’s group
However, the father of this field of research is ____, who used the flies to define genes and establish they were found in chromosomes even before DNA was a thing.
Drosophila melanogaster
William Castle
Thomas Hunt Morgan
B. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Advantages:
Most commonly used for ____
It has a short life cycle, 3 mm in length, it lays between ___ and ___ eggs but also takes ___ to ____ days to complete its life cycle.
4 stages of fruit fly include:
Biomedical science
750 to 1500 eggs
10 to 12 days
embryo, larva, pupa and adult
B. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Advantages:
It is easy to culture and maintain, with traditional flies being raised in ____. Each female can lay up to 100 eggs per day for 20 days.
There are also very few restrictions on their use with minimal ethical and safety issues
It also has a small genome size.
_____ is a complx of DNA plus specialized proteins in the cells nucleus
The fruit fly only has ____ pairs of chromosomes.
The 4th chromosome is called the ____ which is only 2% of the genome.
They also have salivary gland chromosomes called ______
milk bottles
colored bodies
4
dot chromosome
polytene chromosome
DB. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Advantages:
despite the fly being only 5% of the human genome, in terms of number of genes, it has ____ compared to humans with about ____
Drosophila are also related to humans through a common ancestor, with about ____ of their genome being similar.
Usually, they can be studied as they have genes associated with human cancers.
15 500 genes
22 000 genes
60%
B. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Uses of Drosophila:
A model for ____ and medicine. An example being ____ in a process called ___ in the drosophila embryo. It was also showed that ____ occured in response to stress or damage which activates stem cell proliferation.
Regenerative biology
Wound healing
Dorsal closure
apoptosis
B. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Uses of Drosophila:
It is a tool in ____. due to the conserved biochemical pathways needed. It is also easy to mimic a diseased state through genetic background, especially for high thoroughput experiments.
It is also used in _____. As it is not subject to animal licensing laws, there is no need to apply for project licenses.
Drug discovery
Bioengineering
B. Fly - Drosophila melanogaster
Limitations:
Some ____ like those that cause _____might be vertebrate-specific and can be ignored by invertebrate models like in flies.
They also lack vessels and blood cells are restricted so ____ and ____ cant be studied
Neurodegenerative diseases like ____ has drawbacks as systems differ substantially from humans.
They also can’t be permanently conserved like stocks of c. elegans getting cryopreserved.
Pathogenic Factors
Multiple Sclerosis
Brain infarcts
Brain hemorrhage
Alzheimer’s disease
C. Frog
Scientific Name _____
Also known as _____
It is used to study mechanisms of ____
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
Early development in vertebrates
C. Frog - Xenopus laevis
Advantages:
They are easily bred and maintained in the lab, and x. laevis can live as long as ____ compared to half or less in the lab
Females can mate up to ___ a yearand males once a month. They can produce 1000 eggs.
Eggs and embryos are robust and can develop externally in a ____. It’s eggs are also bigger than the mouse egg which makes gene expression changes accessible.
They are similar to humans, so they’re a good model for human disease, X. laevis has ____ copies for their chromosome
30 years
4-6 times
Simple salt solution
Four
C. Frog - Xenopus laevis
Applications:
_____ and _____ as well as others that focus on modelling human diseases
An example is in the use for the study of ____ throughout development as its eggshell is transparent. This part also grows faster than rodents.
_____ can render internal control or tissue specificity for the targeted gene
Vertebrate embryology and development
spinal cord function
mosaic genetic manipulation
C. Frog - Xenopus laevis
Applications:
As it is easy to inject materials, it is used to do targeted ____ and ____ studies.
Its ____ are used to study ion transport and channel physiology
gene knock-out
overexpression
Xenopus oocytes
C. Frog - Xenopus laevis
Limitations:
It has a slow sexual maturity, taking ____ so having transgenic generation of organisms will take a while
They are _____, a result of additional genome duplication so mutagenesis screens are less likely to be successful
A year
pseudotetraploid
