Introduction Blue Boxes (8-20)

Question 1

Cause of Blueish Looking Skin (Cyanotic)

Answer 1

Hemoglobin appears deep purple/blue when depleted of Oxygen

Question 2

Where to check for cyanosis

Answer 2

Thin Skin – ex. Lips, Eyelids, Transparent Nails

Question 3

Causes of reddish skin (erythema)

Answer 3

Heat, Infection, inflammation, allergic reactions

Question 4

Cause of yellow skin

Answer 4

Jaundice caused by excess bilirubin

Question 5

What are Langer Lines/Tension Lines? Their significance?

Answer 5

They are lines drawn to reflect the direction of collagen fibers in the skin. Cutting parallel to these lines in surgery allows faster healing/avoids puckering.

Question 6

Cause and appearance of Stretch Marks?

Answer 6

If the skin expands too quickly, collagen fibers are stretched and damaged. Appears with bands of thin wrinkled skin with color change from red to purple and white.

Question 7

What are first, second, and third degree burns? How do they differ?

Answer 7

First Degree – Epidermal damage. Erythema, edema, desquamination.
Second Degree – Epidermal and superficial dermis damage. Blistering, Most Painful.
Third Degree – Full thickness, sometimes into muscle. No pain at burn site, requires graft.

Question 8

What is the value of fascial planes in surgery?

Answer 8

Minimally invasive access to deep tissues

Question 9

What is an accessory bone?

Answer 9

Extra bone made from an extra ossification center or failure of two bones to appropriately fuse.

Question 10

Areas of bone that combine the flat bones of the cranium

Answer 10

Sutural Bones

Question 11

What are heterotrophic bones?

Answer 11

Bones that form in soft tissues where they are not normally present. Ex. horse riders can develop them in their thighs.

Question 12

What cells secrete collagen to aid in bone repair?

Answer 12

Fibroblasts

Question 13

What is reduction of a fracture?

Answer 13

Brining together broken ends of a bone and approximating their natural positions.

Question 14

What is a collar of callus?

Answer 14

A ring of collagen that stabilizes bones during bone healing

Question 15

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 15

An incomplete break caused by bending of bone

Question 16

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 16

A reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue.

Question 17

Why would a patient undergo a sternal puncture?

Answer 17

To extract bone marrow

Question 18

How can bones be studied to give an assessment of age?

Answer 18

Studies of the diaphysis/epiphysis/epiphysial plate

Question 19

What are lines of arrested growth?

Answer 19

In patients malnourished through development, cartilage will begin to degenerate without proper repair. These lines of degeneration will eventually calcify and become bones with thickened trabeculae.

Question 20

Why is it important to know positions of epiphysial plates?

Answer 20

To distinguish between epiphysial plates and fractures in young patients.

Question 21

What is avascular necrosis?

Answer 21

Tissue death from lack of blood flow

Question 22

What are osteochondroses?

Answer 22

Avascular necrosis of epiphyses in children.

Question 23

What is a fontanelle? What clinical information can you gather from it?

Answer 23

Fibrous tissue covering the portion of a newborn’s skull that hasn’t made full contact yet. If it bulges, increased cranial pressure. If it is depressed, dehydration.

Question 24

What is osteoarthritis? Symptoms?

Answer 24

Degenerative joint disease. Stiffness, discomfort, pain.

Question 25

What is arthroscopy?

Answer 25

Using a small camera and puncture incisions to perform surgeries with minimal opening, allowing rapid healing time.

Question 26

Concerns regarding lost muscle tone in patients?

Answer 26

It may lead to abnormal joint placement, dislocations in patient transitions, development of fibrotic tissue, removing chance for repair

Question 27

Why is the hamstring pulled more frequently than other muscles?

Answer 27

Their joint allows for greater flexion than the point at which muscle damage can begin to occur and frequent eccentric contraction

Question 28

Two common ways to test muscle activity?

Answer 28

Patient resists examiner movements, or physician performs movements to resist patient

Question 29

What is EMG?

Answer 29

Electromyography is the measure of electrical action potentials of muscles.

Question 30

What is compensatory hypertrophy of the heart?

Answer 30

Myocardium responds to increased demands by increasing the size of its fibers.

Question 31

What is a myocardial infarct?

Answer 31

Following myocardial necrosis, a fibrous scar tissue develops (a MI)

Question 32

What is hypertrophy? Hyperplasia?

Answer 32

Hypertrophy – increase in size of cells. Hyperplasia – increase in number of cells

Question 33

What is arteriosclerosis? Atherosclerosis?

Answer 33

Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a form of it associated with fat buildup in arterial walls.

Question 34

What is thrombosis?

Answer 34

Formation of a local intravascular clot (a thrombus)

Question 35

What are varicose veins?

Answer 35

Walls of the veins lose elasticity, dialates, valves can’t close. Causes abormally twisted enlarged veins, typically seen in the legs. Makes it harder to blood to get back to the heart.

Question 36

In cancer treatment, what are contiguity and metastasis?

Answer 36

Contiguity – growing into adjacent tissues. Metastasis – dissemination of cancer cells to more distant sites

Question 37

What is staging a metastasis? Why do physicians do this?

Answer 37

Staging a metastasis is when physicians determine the degree that a cancer has spread through the lymphatic system by progressively taking nodes further and further from the initial site.

Question 38

How do carcinomas most commonly spread? Sarcomas?

Answer 38

Carcinoma – lymphatics

Sarcoma – blood

Question 39

What are Lymphangitis and Lymphadentis?

Answer 39

Secondary inflammation of lympatic vessels and nodes, respectively.

Question 40

What is lymphedema?

Answer 40

Lymph drainage failure.

Question 41

Why can’t the CNS heal itself after injury?

Answer 41

Proliferation of astrocytes following injury block developing axons until they are retracted.

Question 42

What is a rhizotomy?

Answer 42

Cutting spinal roots to relieve specific muscular or sensory symptoms.

Question 43

What is the difference between nerve healing in a crushing and cut injury?

Answer 43

After a crushing injury, the connective tissue surrounding the nerve is still typically intact, allowing the nerve to heal effectively on its own. In cutting injuries, these nerve components may need to be surgically realigned to promote healing.