Introduction and Cell Organization I

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

property of a system that regulates internal environment and maintains a stable, constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH

Question 2

allostasis

Answer 2

process of achieving homeostasis through physiological or behavioral change

Question 3

glycogen

Answer 3

glucose polymer, storage form primarily in liver

Question 4

Name the nonpolar, aliphatic amino acids.

Answer 4

glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, isoleucine

Question 5

Name the aromatic amino acids.

Answer 5

phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan

Question 6

Name the polar, uncharged amino acids.

Answer 6

asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine

Question 7

Name the sulfur-containing amino acids.

Answer 7

methionine and cysteine

Question 8

Name the charged amino aicds.

Answer 8

aspartate, glutamate, arginine, lysine, and histidine

Question 9

alpha helix

Answer 9

Every four amino acids are on the same side of the helix, stabilized by intrachain hydrogen-bonding

Question 10

beta sheets

Answer 10

more stretched out than an alpha helix, parallel or antiparallel strands

Question 11

leucine zipper

Answer 11

two alpha helices, each leucine residue separated by four amino acids, all on the same side of the helix

Question 12

helix-turn-helix

Answer 12

Question 13

beta-alpha-beta

Answer 13

Question 14

zinc finger

Answer 14

important for transcription

Question 15

Name the four types of basic interactions that stabilize protein folds.

Answer 15

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and van der Waals interactions

Question 16

domains

Answer 16

continuous stretches of amino acids that are folded into tertiary structures independently of the rest of the protein, typically composed of several motifs

Question 17

protein folds

Answer 17

conserved large patterns of three dimensional structures that have characteristic activities

Question 18

actin fold

Answer 18

binds ATP, so many ATP binding proteins have similar folds

Question 19

How many domains are shared among all proteins?

Answer 19

about 2000

Question 20

protein “breathing”

Answer 20

the cumulation of many local small scale movements in secondary structure

Question 21

protein family

Answer 21

proteins with similar amino acid sequences and three dimensional conformations, one or more protein domains in common

Question 22

What are the major membrane lipids?

Answer 22

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Question 23

Where do membrane lipids get synthesized?

Answer 23

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

flippase

Answer 24

enzymes that flip phospholipids from one side of the membrane to the other

Question 25

cholesterol

Answer 25

lipid in the membrane that increases fluidity

Question 26

lipid rafts

Answer 26

areas of the membrane where there are aggregations of certain membrane lipids and have distinct physical properties

Question 27

Describe the permeability of membranes.

Answer 27

Question 28

Name the external forces and conditions that cells have to deal with.

Answer 28

mechanical forces - shear, compression, stretching, Brownian collisions

environmental conditions - temperature, osmotic/tonic, hydration, chemical

Question 29

Describe the functions of plasma membmrane.

Answer 29

interaction with EC environment, cell movement, signaling, vesicular transport, anchoring of cytoskeleton

Question 30

endoplasmic reticulum: smooth and rough ER

Answer 30

suynthesis and glycosylation of integral membrane proteins, secreted proteins, lysosomal enzymes

calcium storage

lipid synthesis

steroid synthesis

drug detoxification

surface for metabolism

Question 31

golgi apparatus

Answer 31

glycosylation, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion or targeting to intracellular membranes and membrane enclosed compartments

Question 32

lysosomes

Answer 32

digestion of macromolecules from phagocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy, and direct transfer using acid hydrolases

destructino of microbes

lysosomotropism of drugs

Question 33

peroxisomes

Answer 33

oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

synthesis of plasmalogens

detox of phenos, formaldehyde, alcohols

Question 34

mitochondria

Answer 34

TCA cycle, beta-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation

urea cycle, apoptosis, signaling, differentiation, cell cycle, cell grwoth

calcium storage and signaling, intracellular lipid trafficking

heat production, heme synthesis, steroid synthesis

Question 35

nucleus

Answer 35

chromosome maintenance

DNA replication/repair

RNA transcription and processing

Question 36

nuclear envelope

Answer 36

control of nuclear-cytoplasmic traffic

regulation of chromatin activity

signaling from cytoplasm

shape and mechanical stability

outer membrane is continuous with the ER