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Foundations 1 > Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

pathological adaptation

A

adaptations occurring as a result of certain stimuli which are not lethal

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2
Q

cell responses to stimuli/injury

A

ignore (quiescence), adapt, divide and differentiate, or die

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3
Q

Describe the stages of cellular response to stress and injurious stimuli

A
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4
Q

continually dividing cells/tussues

A

skin, gastrointestinal mucosa, respiratory epithelium, and bone marrow

repair results in fully restored tissue

a hyperplastic response - a net gain in cell number

hypoplastic response - net loss in cell number

outcome depedns more on cell proliferation than on cell loss

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5
Q

conditionally dividing cells

A

hepatocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, kidney, endocrine cells

do not normally divide on a regular basis

possess the capacity to divide when there is an appropriate stimulus

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6
Q

non-dividing cells/tissues

A

no or limited capacity to divide such as neurons, cardio myocytes and adult skeletal muscle cells

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7
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

derived from blastocysts, can generate an entire organism

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8
Q

adult stem cells

A

generate committed progenitor progeny who can function to maintain normal cellular turnover within an orga, or serve to provide regenerative capacity within an organ

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9
Q

Describe the process of adult stem cell differentiation after injury.

A

stem cell to commited progenitor to transient amplification to differentiation to replacement

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10
Q

two recent discoveries regarding adult stem cells

A

stem cells undergo asymmetric division of the sister chromatids

tissue microenvironment determines the differentiated fate of the residing stem cell population

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11
Q

mitogens, motogens, and orphogens

A

mitogens - cause cell division

motogens - cause cells to migrate or scatter

morphogens - cause morphological change

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12
Q

four types of signaling

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine or metacrine

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13
Q

endocrine

A

“action at a distance”, a hormone synthesized and secreted by hormone-producing cells enters the blood vessel and then acts on target cells/tissues some distance form the source

ectopic hormontes - hormone-like peptides produced by some cancer cells, act like hormones

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14
Q

paracrine

A

when a cell produces a peptide and releases it into the extracellular space, and then that peptide aacts on adjacent cells locally

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15
Q

autocrine

A

when a particular cell produces a growth factor releasing the peptide into the extracellular space

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16
Q

autocrine

A

when a particular cell produces a growth factor releasing the peptide in the tht extracellular space, which then comes back and interacts with the same cell

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17
Q

intracrine or metacrine

A

new concep, product is generated within the cell and acts on the same cell

18
Q

TGFalpha and TGFbeta

A

transforming growth factor

main target of alpha is epithelial cells, also plays a role in liver cell mitosis/liver regeneration

beta acts mostly on a variety of epithelial and mesnchymal cells

19
Q

VEGF

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

vasculogeneis is responsible for expansion and coalescence of vascular endothelial precursor cells that forms a primary capillary plexus

angiogenesis takes the precursor cells and remodels them into blood vessels

20
Q

HGF

A

hepatocyte growth factor, key regulator for liver fgrowth and function, increases when liver mass is decreased, mostly produced by Ito (fat producing cells) cells in the liver

21
Q

EGF

A

epidermal growth factor, excreted from submaxillary glands, causes proliferation and differentiation of epithelium

22
Q

FGF

A

fibroblas growth factor, potent mitogen for fibroblasts and endothelium, also a vasculogenic factor

23
Q

prolactin

A

required fro proliferation and differentiation of the breast epithelium during pregnancy as a prerequisite for lactation

24
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to enlargement of individual cells without the increase in cell number

usually occurs in organs where proliferation and mitosis are restricted

can be pathological or physiological and is reversible

25
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of constituent parenchymal cells

may be physiological or pathological and is reversible

26
Q

hypertrophic obesity

A

seen in adults, due mostly to increase in fat cell size

27
Q

hyperplastic obesity

A

seen in children or severe obesity in adults, due to increased fat cell number

28
Q

injury in non-dividing tissues

A

results in replacement by fibrotic scarring

29
Q

atrophy

A

reversible adaptive response on the part of the cell to reduce the size of functional cytoplasm, decrease in cell organelles

characterized by decreased protein and membrane synthesis, increased protein degradation, ubiquitination, autophagy, altered balance between protein synthesis and catabolism

often associate with fibrosis

30
Q

involution

A

a type of physiological atrophy, return to normal size after hyperplasia and hypertrophy, if the causitive stimuli are removed and equilibrium returns back

31
Q

ischemic atrophy

A

atrophy of tissue due to deacrease of blood supply

32
Q

pressure atrophy

A

due to long continued pressure on a tissue leading to decrease in blood supply with atrophy of cells

33
Q

hypoplasia

A

reduction in cell number, tissue and organ size are markedly reduced, can be physiological or pathological, occurs as a result of reduced cell proliferation or increased cell loss or both

34
Q

metaplasia

A

change in differentiation from one cell type to another patches of tissue that differn from surrounding normal tissues, reversible

35
Q

epithelial metaplasia

A

the continuous turnover of skin and other epithelia

36
Q

squamous metaplasia

A

transformation of a less resistance mucinous or glandular epithelium to a more resistant stratified squamous type

ex. smoker’s lung often have stratified squamous epithelium replacing the resipiratory epithelium

37
Q

glandular metaplasia

A

refers to a change of the squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

38
Q

Barett’s esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by intestinal columnar epithelium due to gastro-esophageal reflux and/or alcoholism

intestinal tissues is more resistant to acid, but this tissue can become dysplastic and lead to carcinoma

39
Q

connective tissue metaplasias

A

transformation or trans-differentiation between mesodermally-derived tissues, possibly from a primitive/stem cell

results in connective tissue such as bone in different tissues ssuch as muscle or tumors

40
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue, not yet neoplasitc

pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, abundant mitoses, and loss of normal orientation

often reversible

41
Q

neoplasia

A

cellular autonomy and uncontrolled growth, irreversible

Foundations 1 (39 decks)

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