INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS

Question 1

It is the science that deals with data about the condition of a state or community. It is the organization, analysis, and interpretation of data in pursuit of truth.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Statistics came from the Latin word _____ meaning state.

Answer 2

status

Question 3

10 Uses of Stats in our Daily Life

Answer 3

Predictions
Testing
Forecasts
Preparedness
Predicting 
Political
Insurance
Consumer
Financial
Sports

Question 4

2 Branches of Stats

Answer 4

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Question 5

This branch of statistics makes a group of scores comprehensible. It describes the important characteristics of sample data and predict ones Y score based on the X score.

Answer 5

Descriptive Statistics

Question 6

It is the branch of statistics that draws conclusion based on the scores collected and goes beyond them. It decides whether to believe what the sample data indicate about the scores that would be found in the population.

Answer 6

Inferential Statistics

Question 7

Pertains to the entire collection of events.

Answer 7

population

Question 8

Refers to the set of individuals taken from a population.

Answer 8

sample

Question 9

It describes the characteristics of a population of scores.

Answer 9

parameter

Question 10

It is the value that describes a sample.

Answer 10

statistics

Question 11

It is the characteristics that have varying values. it is what researchers try to measure.

Answer 11

variable

Question 12

A possible number or category that a score can have.

Answer 12

value

Question 13

A person’s value on a variable.

Answer 13

score

Question 14

Types of Variables

Answer 14

Nominal/Categorical

Numerical

Question 15

2 Types of numerical or quantitative data

Answer 15

Discrete variable

Continuous variable

Question 16

This variable has a specific value and cannot have values between specific values.

Answer 16

Discrete variable

Question 17

This variable is an infinite number of possible values between any two values.

Answer 17

Continuous variable

Question 18

2 Kinds of Variables

Answer 18

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Question 19

This variable is the one that is manipulated and causes an event to happen.

Answer 19

Independent variable

Question 20

This variable is the one being measured and is the one affected.

Answer 20

Dependent variable

Question 21

This determines how you analyze a given data.

Answer 21

Levels of Measurement

Question 22

4 Levels of Measurement

Answer 22

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Question 23

A level of measurement that is categorical and has no ordering.
Ex: marital status, gender, types of car owned

Answer 23

nominal

Question 24

A level of measurement that is categorical and follows an order.
Ex: ranking, service quality rating, student letter grades

Answer 24

ordinal

Question 25

A level of measurement that has intervals between variables but no true zero . Ex: Temperature in Fahrenheit, standardized exam scores

Answer 25

interval

Question 26

A level of measurement that has intervals between variables and possess an absolute zero. Ex: age, height, weekly food spending

Answer 26

ratio

Question 27

3 tools to summarize data

Answer 27

Frequency table Histograms Frequency distribution

Question 28

This is a table that summarizes data by listing individuals with varying values for a certain variable.

Answer 28

Frequency table

Question 29

A bar-like graph with the values in the horizontal (x) axis and the frequency on the vertical (y) axis.

Answer 29

Histogram

Question 30

True or False. Bar graph is used instead of histogram only when data is nominal.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

A distribution that displays the pattern of frequencies over various variables.

Answer 31

Frequency distribution

Question 32

4 forms/types of Frequency distribution

Answer 32

Unimodal distribution Bimodal distribution Multimodal distribution Rectangular distribution

Question 33

It is a distribution that shows one value as the most frequent.

Answer 33

Unimodal distribution

Question 34

It is a distribution with two approximately equal frequencies.

Answer 34

Bimodal distribution

Question 35

It is a distribution with 2 or more higher frequencies, separated by lower frequencies.

Answer 35

Multimodal distribution

Question 36

In this distribution all values have approximately the same frequencies.

Answer 36

Rectangular distribution

Question 37

3 types/forms of Frequency distribution

Answer 37

Symmetrical distribution Skewed to the right distribution Skewed to the left distribution

Question 38

This distribution's one side is a mirror of the other side.

Answer 38

Symmetrical distribution

Question 39

This distribution's right tail is longer and frequency is higher on the left side.

Answer 39

Skewed to the right distribution (positively skewed)

Question 40

This distribution's left tail is longer and frequency is stacked on the right side.

Answer 40

Skewed to the left distribution (negatively skewed)

Question 41

This effect is achieved when the distribution is skewed to the right where the scores are piled up at the low end.

Answer 41

floor effect

Question 42

This effect is achieved when the distribution is skewed to the left where the scores are piled up at the high end.

Answer 42

ceiling effect

Question 43

It is the Greek term for Kurtosis that means curve.

Answer 43

kyrtos

Question 44

This refers to how much the shape of a distribution differs from a normal curve.

Answer 44

Kurtosis | normal, heavy-tailed, low-tailed

Question 45

Methods of Data Collection

Answer 45

``` Interviews Questionnaires Experiments Direct Observations Use of existing records ```

Question 46

Methods of Data Presentation

Answer 46

Textual method Tabular method Graphical method

Question 47

It is presenting data through text.

Answer 47

Textual method

Question 48

It is the presentation of data in a systematic manner.

Answer 48

Tabular method

Question 49

This presents data in a pictorial form.

Answer 49

Graphical method

Question 50

This chart presents historical data.

Answer 50

Line chart

Question 51

It is a chart that compares amounts in a time series data.

Answer 51

Column chart

Question 52

This chart presents distribution of categorical data.

Answer 52

Horizontal Bar chart

Question 53

It is a chart divided into several sections wherein the biggest slice must be placed at 12 o'clock and there should only be less than 6 categories.

Answer 53

Pie chart

Question 54

This presents magnitude through symbols and pictures.

Answer 54

Pictograph