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BMSC1212 Introduction to pharmacology > Introduction and absorption > Flashcards

Introduction and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The science-orientated study of drug action

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2
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

A chemical entity of known structure, other than a nutrient/dietary supplement, which causes a biological effect in a living orgainism

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3
Q

What is the definition of a medicine?

A

A preparation of one or more drug, alongside other substances (stabilisers, solvents, etc.) which is used therapeutically to treat, cure, prevent or diagnose disease,

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4
Q

Give three classifications of drugs

A
  1. Molecular structure
  2. Mode of action
  3. Therapeutic use
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5
Q

Give an example of a molecular structure name

A

Catecholamine

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6
Q

Give an example of a mode of action name

A

Beta-blockers

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7
Q

Give an example of a therapeutic use name

A

Antihypertensives

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8
Q

Give three ways of naming drugs?

A
  1. chemical name
  2. generic name
  3. proprietary name
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9
Q

What is the difference between the generic name and the proprietary name for a drug?

A

The generic name always starts with a lowercase letter, a proprietary name is the trade name and always starts with a capital letter.

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10
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

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11
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

Patient-orientated health profession, licenced dispensing medicine, patient monitoring, medicine composition/manufacture.

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12
Q

What are the two main branches of pharmacology?

A
  1. Pharmacodynamics

2. Pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

What is the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

A

Pharmacodynamics is what does a drug do to the body while pharmacokinetics is what does the body do to the drug?

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14
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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15
Q

What does delivery of the drug include?

A

Absorption and distribution

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16
Q

What does drug elimination include?

A

Metabolism and excretion of the drug

17
Q

What does ADME determine?

A

The concentration of the drug at the target site which effects the onset, intensity and duration of the drug’s action

18
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Drugs, drug metabolites and environmental compounds such as pollutants that are not produced by the body and are excreted

19
Q

What does distribution entail?

A

getting the drug from systemic circulation and into the tissues

20
Q

When does pharmacodynamics start?

A

When the drug reaches the site of action

21
Q

Where can the drug go once it is in circulation?

A
  1. To be metabolised then excreted
  2. Directly excreted
  3. Into tissues
22
Q

What does absorption entail?

A

The movement of the drug from the site of administration to the systematic circulation (not to the site of action)

23
Q

What does ROA stand for?

A

Route of administration

24
Q

Give the names for two groups of drug administration

A
  1. Enteral (via GI tract)

2. Parenteral

25
Q

Give 3 examples of enteral administration

A
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual
  3. Rectal
26
Q

Give 7 examples of parenteral administration

A
  1. I.V
  2. Subcutaneous
  3. Intra muscular (I.M.)
  4. Inhalation
  5. Intranasal
  6. Tropical
  7. Transdermal
27
Q

What is different about enteral administration?

A

Drugs must cross a tight barrier composed of the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract

28
Q

What is the only route of administration which has 100% bioavailability?

A

I.V.

29
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in taking oral drugs?

A

The dissolution rate

30
Q

Where are most oral drugs absorbed?

A

Via the small intestine so large quantities can be absorbed due to the large SA and good blood supply.

31
Q

What is the draw back of using oral drugs?

A

It is the most complicated route for a drug to take

32
Q

What 4 things must an oral drug do before it reaches the site of action?

A
  1. Survive gastric acid
  2. Survive digestive enzymes
  3. Co-exist with or avoid food
  4. Cope with gut bacteria
33
Q

Give an example of a drug hydrolysed by gastric acid

A

Benzylpenicillin (usually given via I.V.)

34
Q

Give a solution for oral drugs which can be hydrolysed by gastric acid

A

Enteric coat for protection

35
Q

Give an example of a drug which would not be absorbed in the presence of food

A

tetracycline antibiotics (bind to Ca+, become insoluble and are not absorbed)

36
Q

Give an example of a drug whose activity is altered by the presence of certain bacterial metabolites

A

Simvastatin (anti-hypolipidemic drug), sulphasalazine is cleaved into active anti-inflammatory components 5-ASA and sulphapyridine by colonic bacteria

BMSC1212 Introduction to pharmacology (17 decks)

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