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Human Pathology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

hypertrophy (n.)

A

an increase in cell size, accompanied by increased functional capacity

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1
Q

hyperplasia (n.)

A

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

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2
Q

metaplasia (n.)

A

replacement of a tissue with another normal cell type

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3
Q

atrophy (n.)

A

a decrease in cell size and differentiated function

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4
Q

dysplasia (n.)

A

metaplastic cells that begin to function abnormally, often preneoplastic; occurs when chronic injury persists

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5
Q

carcinoma in-situ (n.)

A

All cells of the tissue have been replaced by dysplastic cells, but have not invaded adjacent tissues

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6
Q

What was the average lifespan of Neolithic humans?

A

20-25 years

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7
Q

Where is an abnormal accumulation of fat most often found?

A

The liver

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8
Q

calcification (n.)

A

calcium entry into dying or dead cells occurs due to steep gradient across the plasma membrane (10K times greater extracellularly)

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9
Q

What happens normally to free fatty acids?

A

They’re taken up by liver and oxidized/converted to TG

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10
Q

dystrophic calcification (n.)

A

macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissues

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11
Q

What does dystrophic calcification require to occur?

A

Persistent necrotic material

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12
Q

What is one way to detect dystrophic calcification?

A

Detected by mammography when breast cancer is present

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13
Q

When will there be dystrophic calcifications in the brain?

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis

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14
Q

metastatic calcification (n.)

A

deranged calcium metabolism; a systemic process

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15
Q

Where are common places of calcium deposition in hypercalcemia?

A

Alveolar septa of lung, renal tubules, blood vessels

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16
Q

What is found in the lungs and regional lymph nodes in anthracosis?

A

Carbon particulates (normal)

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17
Q

Where are tattoos stored and what are they made of?

A

Insoluble metal and vegetable pigments that are engulfed by dermal macrophages and persist

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18
Q

What metal is deposited in Wilson’s disease, and where?

A

Excess copper is deposited in the liver, brain, and cornea

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19
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Stored in proteins called ferritin in the liver and bone marrow

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20
Q

hemosiderin (n.)

A

partially denatured ferritin that aggregates easily; found in bone marrow, spleen, and Kuppfer cells

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21
Q

Kuppfer cells (n.)

A

liver macrophages

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22
Q

What causes hydropic change, cellularly?

A

Intracellular accumulation of Na+, leading to excess water in the cell

23
Q

When does necrosis occur?

A

When the barrier function of the plasma membrane is breached; usually associated with a strong inflammatory response

24
Q

apoptosis (n.)

A

programmed cell death, due to extra- or intracellular signals

25
Q

What types of lymphocytes induce apoptosis?

A

NK cells and cytotoxic T cells

26
Q

karyolysis (n.)

A

fading away of the nuclear envelope

27
Q

pyknosis (n.)

A

shrinking up and condensing of the nuclear envelope

28
Q

karyorrhexis (n.)

A

break up of nuclear envelope

29
Q

What is the morphology of coagulation necrosis?

A

Normal tissue architecture essentially maintained

30
Q

When/where does coagulation necrosis often occur?

A

Myocardium after an infarct

31
Q

What is the morphology in liquefaction necrosis?

A

Relative lack of connective tissue, due to enzyme digestion

32
Q

coagulation necrosis (n.)

A

cell death due to loss of circulation

33
Q

What is liquefaction necrosis often called in an infected limb?

A

Gangrenous necrosis

34
Q

Where do we see liquefaction necrosis?

A

In the foci of bacterial/fungal infections, in the CNS, in infected limbs

35
Q

What is the morphology of caseous necrosis?

A

Cheesy, white gross appearance of the central necrotic area

36
Q

Where is caseous necrosis most often encountered?

A

Lungs infected with tuberculosis

37
Q

What is the morphology of fat necrosis?

A

Focal areas of fat destruction

38
Q

Where is fat necrosis often seen?

A

Pancreatic injuries

39
Q

What is the normal tissue type in respiratory airways?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

40
Q

What causes Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Lots of acid reflux into the esophagus

41
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Metaplasia of stratified squamous in esophagus to simple columnar; preneoplastic

42
Q

What can cause spastic paralysis?

A

Upper motor neuron damage

43
Q

What can cause flaccid paralysis?

A

Lower motor neuron damage

44
Q

xanthelasmas (n.)

A

accumulations of cholesterol in skin lesions

45
Q

What are the five types of abnormal proteins we study in accumulations?

A

prions, Lewy bodies, alpha1-antitrypsin, neurofibrillary tangles, and Mallory bodies

46
Q

Abnormally folded prion proteins are present in __________. (2 words)

A

spongiform encephalopathies

47
Q

What protein inclusions are found as a result of alcoholic livery injury?

A

Mallory bodies

48
Q

What are found in the cortical neurons of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins)

49
Q

Where does alpha1-antitrypsin accumulate in a deficiency?

A

Hepatocytes, which leads to cirrhosis

50
Q

What disease is caused by a Lewy body accumulation?

A

Parkinson’s disease

51
Q

Where do Lewy bodies accumulate in people with PD?

A

The neurons of the substantia nigra

52
Q

What are Lewy bodies composed of?

A

alpha-synuclein

53
Q

atherosclerosis (n.)

A

the hardening of arteries

54
Q

Where are lipofuscin granule accumulations found?

A

myocardium, neurons, and liver

55
Q

Where is hyaline change found?

A

damaged arterioles, renal tubules, damaged liver cells, and neurons

Human Pathology (8 decks)

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