Introduction

Question 0

hypertrophy (n.)

Answer 0

an increase in cell size, accompanied by increased functional capacity

Question 1

hyperplasia (n.)

Answer 1

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Question 2

metaplasia (n.)

Answer 2

replacement of a tissue with another normal cell type

Question 3

atrophy (n.)

Answer 3

a decrease in cell size and differentiated function

Question 4

dysplasia (n.)

Answer 4

metaplastic cells that begin to function abnormally, often preneoplastic; occurs when chronic injury persists

Question 5

carcinoma in-situ (n.)

Answer 5

All cells of the tissue have been replaced by dysplastic cells, but have not invaded adjacent tissues

Question 6

What was the average lifespan of Neolithic humans?

Answer 6

20-25 years

Question 7

Where is an abnormal accumulation of fat most often found?

Answer 7

The liver

Question 8

calcification (n.)

Answer 8

calcium entry into dying or dead cells occurs due to steep gradient across the plasma membrane (10K times greater extracellularly)

Question 9

What happens normally to free fatty acids?

Answer 9

They’re taken up by liver and oxidized/converted to TG

Question 10

dystrophic calcification (n.)

Answer 10

macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissues

Question 11

What does dystrophic calcification require to occur?

Answer 11

Persistent necrotic material

Question 12

What is one way to detect dystrophic calcification?

Answer 12

Detected by mammography when breast cancer is present

Question 13

When will there be dystrophic calcifications in the brain?

Answer 13

Congenital toxoplasmosis

Question 14

metastatic calcification (n.)

Answer 14

deranged calcium metabolism; a systemic process

Question 15

Where are common places of calcium deposition in hypercalcemia?

Answer 15

Alveolar septa of lung, renal tubules, blood vessels

Question 16

What is found in the lungs and regional lymph nodes in anthracosis?

Answer 16

Carbon particulates (normal)

Question 17

Where are tattoos stored and what are they made of?

Answer 17

Insoluble metal and vegetable pigments that are engulfed by dermal macrophages and persist

Question 18

What metal is deposited in Wilson’s disease, and where?

Answer 18

Excess copper is deposited in the liver, brain, and cornea

Question 19

Where is iron stored?

Answer 19

Stored in proteins called ferritin in the liver and bone marrow

Question 20

hemosiderin (n.)

Answer 20

partially denatured ferritin that aggregates easily; found in bone marrow, spleen, and Kuppfer cells

Question 21

Kuppfer cells (n.)

Answer 21

liver macrophages

Question 22

What causes hydropic change, cellularly?

Answer 22

Intracellular accumulation of Na+, leading to excess water in the cell

Question 23

When does necrosis occur?

Answer 23

When the barrier function of the plasma membrane is breached; usually associated with a strong inflammatory response

Question 24

apoptosis (n.)

Answer 24

programmed cell death, due to extra- or intracellular signals

Question 25

What types of lymphocytes induce apoptosis?

Answer 25

NK cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 26

karyolysis (n.)

Answer 26

fading away of the nuclear envelope

Question 27

pyknosis (n.)

Answer 27

shrinking up and condensing of the nuclear envelope

Question 28

karyorrhexis (n.)

Answer 28

break up of nuclear envelope

Question 29

What is the morphology of coagulation necrosis?

Answer 29

Normal tissue architecture essentially maintained

Question 30

When/where does coagulation necrosis often occur?

Answer 30

Myocardium after an infarct

Question 31

What is the morphology in liquefaction necrosis?

Answer 31

Relative lack of connective tissue, due to enzyme digestion

Question 32

coagulation necrosis (n.)

Answer 32

cell death due to loss of circulation

Question 33

What is liquefaction necrosis often called in an infected limb?

Answer 33

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 34

Where do we see liquefaction necrosis?

Answer 34

In the foci of bacterial/fungal infections, in the CNS, in infected limbs

Question 35

What is the morphology of caseous necrosis?

Answer 35

Cheesy, white gross appearance of the central necrotic area

Question 36

Where is caseous necrosis most often encountered?

Answer 36

Lungs infected with tuberculosis

Question 37

What is the morphology of fat necrosis?

Answer 37

Focal areas of fat destruction

Question 38

Where is fat necrosis often seen?

Answer 38

Pancreatic injuries

Question 39

What is the normal tissue type in respiratory airways?

Answer 39

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 40

What causes Barrett's esophagus?

Answer 40

Lots of acid reflux into the esophagus

Question 41

What is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer 41

Metaplasia of stratified squamous in esophagus to simple columnar; preneoplastic

Question 42

What can cause spastic paralysis?

Answer 42

Upper motor neuron damage

Question 43

What can cause flaccid paralysis?

Answer 43

Lower motor neuron damage

Question 44

xanthelasmas (n.)

Answer 44

accumulations of cholesterol in skin lesions

Question 45

What are the five types of abnormal proteins we study in accumulations?

Answer 45

prions, Lewy bodies, alpha1-antitrypsin, neurofibrillary tangles, and Mallory bodies

Question 46

Abnormally folded prion proteins are present in __________. (2 words)

Answer 46

spongiform encephalopathies

Question 47

What protein inclusions are found as a result of alcoholic livery injury?

Answer 47

Mallory bodies

Question 48

What are found in the cortical neurons of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 48

neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins)

Question 49

Where does alpha1-antitrypsin accumulate in a deficiency?

Answer 49

Hepatocytes, which leads to cirrhosis

Question 50

What disease is caused by a Lewy body accumulation?

Answer 50

Parkinson's disease

Question 51

Where do Lewy bodies accumulate in people with PD?

Answer 51

The neurons of the substantia nigra

Question 52

What are Lewy bodies composed of?

Answer 52

alpha-synuclein

Question 53

atherosclerosis (n.)

Answer 53

the hardening of arteries

Question 54

Where are lipofuscin granule accumulations found?

Answer 54

myocardium, neurons, and liver

Question 55

Where is hyaline change found?

Answer 55

damaged arterioles, renal tubules, damaged liver cells, and neurons