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PHARMACOLOGY > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

Greek word meaning drug

A

Pharmacon

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2
Q

Latin word meaning to study

A

logos

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3
Q

Is the science which deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.

A

Pharmacology

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4
Q

Four divisions of pharmacology:

A

Pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology

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5
Q

the are and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.

A

Pharmacy

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6
Q

Pharmacy consist of:

A

Pharmacognosy
Posology
Metrology

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7
Q

Study of the source of drugs.

A

Pharmacognosy

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8
Q

Study of drug dosages.

A

Posology

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9
Q

Study of weights and measure of drugs.

A

Metrology

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10
Q

Study of how drugs produce effects on living organisms.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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11
Q

Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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12
Q

Study of the processes and factors which determines the amount of drugs at the sites of actions at various times between the application or administration of drugs and their elimination from the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

Principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

A

Drug action and drug effects

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14
Q

The mechanism by which a drug produces an effect.

A

Drug action

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15
Q

Refers to where and how the effect is produced.

A

Drug action

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16
Q

Example of drug action

A

Acetylcholine binds to Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

Do not produce any perceptible effect.

A

Non-specific drug action

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18
Q

Produces perceptible changes

A

Specific drug action

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19
Q

Is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be perceive and measured.

A

Drug effect

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20
Q

Example

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera, increased secretion of smooth muscles.

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

Drug induced change in an organism but non drug substance like food can induce physiological and pharmacologic effects.

A

Pharmacological effect

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23
Q

Other examples of pharmacological effects.

A

-Ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling
-Overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
-Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases

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24
Q

Effect that maintains normal body functions.

A

Physiological effect

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25
Q

Example of Physiologic effect

A

Injection of insulin reduces the blood glucose to normal concentrations in a diabetic patient

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26
Q

Study of application of drugs for the use in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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27
Q

Study of harmful effects of drugs.

A

Toxicology

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28
Q

Toxicology includes:

A

Chemical
Clinical
Forensic
Legal

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29
Q

Emphasis on chemical properties of poisons

A

Chemical

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30
Q

Emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of poisonings with chemical substances including medicine.

A

Clinical

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31
Q

Identification of substances in suspected cases of poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem

A

Forensic

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32
Q

Emphasis on promulgation of laws on safety of chemical substances in the environment or food for human, animal and plant population.

A

Legal

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33
Q

Categories of pharmacology

A

Molecular pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology
Veterinary pharmacology

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34
Q

Study of the basic mechanism of drug action biological systems.

A

Molecular pharmacology

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35
Q

Concerned with the rational development, effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases.

A

Clinical pharmacology

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36
Q

Concerned with drugs as they are used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and In the intentional alteration of animal physiology

A

Veterinary pharmacology

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37
Q

Earliest written compilation of drug written by Emperor Shenung in about 2700 BC.

A

Pen Tsao

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38
Q

Oldest record of Egyptian drug codification written about 2000 BC. Which deals with veterinary medicine and uterine disease of women and contains a number of prescriptions.

A

Kahun Papyrus

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39
Q

Great teacher of medicine.

A

Hippocrates

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40
Q

Adapted the motion of a humoral basis for diseases from philosophies in Asia Minor.

A

Hippocrates

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41
Q

Four elements of philosophy

A

Water
Fire
Air
Earth

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42
Q

Sanguine temperament

A

Blood

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43
Q

Phlegmatic

A

Phlegm

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44
Q

Bilious

A

Yellow bile or urine

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45
Q

Melancholic

A

Black bile

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46
Q

Recorded numerous observation on animals

A

Aristotle

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47
Q

He classified medicinal plants in the basis of their individual characteristics.

A

Theophrastus

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48
Q

Compiled the First Materia Medica

A

Dioscorides

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49
Q

Recognized books of drug preparation

A

Pharmacopeias

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50
Q

His work dealing with physiology and material medical became authoritive which were used widely for 1400 years

A

Galen

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51
Q

First to distill wines and beers to obtain ethanol for preparing tinctures.

A

Muslim culture

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52
Q

Geber Ibn Hagar

A

Classified drugs and poisons and recognized that the difference between a drug and a poison was a matter of dosage

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53
Q

Compiled the first pharmacopeia and described techniques to be employed I preparation of drugs

A

Valerius Cordus

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54
Q

Introduced the clinical use of laundanum(opium) and a number of tinctures of various plants.

A

Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

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55
Q

Drugs suc as Crichona(quinine), coffee, tea and cocoa(methylxanthines) curane, digitalis, and a variety aof alkaloids were discovered

A

17 to 18 century

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56
Q

Gave the most notable contribution to therapy an account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses.

A

William Withering

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57
Q

His observation the usage of digitals is the treatment of (ascites due to CHF) are steel petinent

A

William Withering

58
Q

Discovered Ang established the principle of prophylactic immunization against small pix was the first to describe anaphylaxis.

A

Edward Jenner

59
Q

Discovered the circulation of blood.

A

William Harvey

60
Q

Made the first intravenous injections of drugs into a dog

A

Christopher Wren

61
Q

Devised the first hypodermic needle and syrine

A

Alexander wood

62
Q

The science of pharmacology has Flourished In the medical and pharmacy school.

A

20th Century

63
Q

Was instrumental in shifting emphasis in the veterinary curriculum form material medica to the science of Veterinary pharmacology

A

L. Meyer Jones

64
Q

Opened the fist school veterinary medicine in Lyons on February 13, 1762

A

Claude Bourgelat

65
Q

Produces in 1932 effective against bacterial diseases which lead in the significant improvement in animal welfare

A

Sulphonamides

66
Q

Discovered for parasite therapy.

A

Benzimadazoles

67
Q

Products that have been authorized by Agricultural and health ministers.

A

Veterinary medicines

68
Q

Is any Drug or substance with specific affinity to a receptor.

A

Ligand

69
Q

Are molecules to which a drug has specific affinity.

A

Receptors

70
Q

2 requirements for drug activity

A

Affinity
Efficacy

71
Q

Tendency of a drug to combine with it’s specific receptor.

A

Affinity

72
Q

Inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself

A

Efficacy

73
Q

Is a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with specific receptors.

A

Antagonist

74
Q

A drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties

A

Dualist

75
Q

Cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist.

A

Competitive antagonist

76
Q

Inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor

A

Non competitive agonist

77
Q

Features of the dose response curve

A

Potency
Slope
Variability

78
Q

Function of the drugs affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion, degradation rates.

A

Potency

79
Q

Indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally detectable to maximally effective

A

Slope

80
Q

In the same patient can be due to circadian changes, age, state of heath, drug- indeed.

A

Variability

81
Q

The body reservoir that holds the greatest amount of the barbiturate thiopental is.

A

Fat

82
Q

When one of the two drugs has zero intrinsic activity.

A

Potentiation

83
Q

The drug with zero intrinsic activity is considered a

A

Potentiator

84
Q

Effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects of the individual drugs.

A

Synergism

85
Q

The combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effect.

A

Additive effect

86
Q

Results from coulombic feeds(electrostatic attraction) between oppositely charged ions.

A

Ionic bond

87
Q

The force of attraction between ions diminishes inversely with the square of the distance between them

A

Ionic bond

88
Q

Two atoms share a pair of electrons. It has high binding energy.

A

Covalent bond

89
Q

Can be broken at very high temperature or intervention of catalytic enzymes.

A

Covalent bond

90
Q

Arises from the ability of a proton(H) to accept an electron pair.

A

Hydrogen Bond

91
Q

It is stronger than covalent bond.

A

Hydrogen bond

92
Q

From the very weak bond between dipoles , often between similar atoms.

A

Intermolecular forces(van der Waals forces)

93
Q

Most dangerous route of drug adminastration is?

A

IV

94
Q

Injection of the drug into rumen

A

Enteral

95
Q

Enteral route includes the:

A

Oral route(by mouth, per os, per Orem, p. O)
Rectal route

96
Q

Examples of parental route of drug administration

A

Intravenous, subcutaneous, intrapleural, intrasynovial, intraconjuctival, intratracheal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, inhalation, intranasal, intradermal.

97
Q

The study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance.

A

Kinetics

98
Q

A constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of administration is absorbed(or disappears from the site with time)

A

First order kinetics

99
Q

The actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site.

A

Zero order kinetics

100
Q

The time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its initial concentration.

A

Half life

101
Q

The total quantity of drug absorbed intact.

A

Bioavailability

102
Q

% of blood/plasma in body weight.

A

4%

103
Q

% of interstitial in Body weight.

A

18%

104
Q

% of transcellular in body weight.

A

2%

105
Q

% of intracellular in body weight.

A

40%

106
Q

When injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system.

A

Evan’s blue or I-albumin

107
Q

Its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume.

A

Evan’s blue or I-albumin

108
Q

Freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells.

A

Inulin or EDTA

109
Q

Freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells.

A

Inulin or EDTA

110
Q

It therefore measures the ECF.

A

Inulin or EDTA

111
Q

The differences between ECF and plasma volume is?

A

Interstitial fluid volume

112
Q

Readily crosses all epithelial barriers.

A

Isotopic water or antipyrine

113
Q

It is used to measure total body fluid volume.

A

Isotopic water or antipyrine

114
Q

The difference between total body fluid and ECF?

A

Intracellular fluid volume

115
Q

Are extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues.

A

Transcellular fluid volume

116
Q

Transcellular fluid volume include:

A

Synovial
Intraocular
Cerebrospinal
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Pleural fluids

117
Q

Drug action is terminated by the following:

A

Excretion
Biotransformation
Redistribution of sequestration

118
Q

Removal of drug and drug metabolites from the body.

A

Excretion

119
Q

Inactivation of most drugs.

A

Biotrasformation

120
Q

Terminated drug activity by removing the drug from its site of action into other sites within the body.

A

Redistribution of sequestration

121
Q

The sequestered drug will be eventually;

A

Biotransformed
Excreted

122
Q

Refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drugs and other substances.

A

Biotransformation

123
Q

Reduction of drug activity

A

Detoxification

124
Q

Normal anabolic and metabolic reactions

A

Metabolism

125
Q

Example of Metabolism

A

Hormone

126
Q

Is the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body

A

Liver

127
Q

Biotransformation also occurs in other organs including

A

Intestinal mucosa
Lungs
Kidney

128
Q

Are generally less active than the parent compound if not totally inactive.

A

Metabolities

129
Q

Are almost always more polar and less soluble than the parent compound.

A

Metabolities or by products

130
Q

The process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause death.

A

Lethal synthesis

131
Q

The microsomal enzymes which are a complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER

A

cytochrome P-40

132
Q

2 phases of Drug biotransformation

A

Phase I
Phase II

133
Q

Involves synthetic reactions conjugating the products of Phase I

A

Phase II

134
Q

Phase I reactions with metabolites normally present in the body such as:

A

Glucoronide
Sulfate
Acetate
Ornithine

135
Q

Four reactions in the biotransformation of drugs by the microsomal enzymes:

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation

136
Q

Oxidative reactions:

A

Aromatic hydroxylation
Aliphatic oxidation
O-dealkylation
N-dealkylation
Oxidative deamination
Desulfuration
Sulfoxidation

137
Q

Reductive reactions:

A

Azo reduction
Nitro reduction

138
Q

Hydrolytic reactions:

A

Easter hydrolysis
Nitro reduction

139
Q

Conjugation reactions:

A

Glucoronic acid conjugation
Sulfate conjugation
Acetylation
Methylation

140
Q

The most important means of eliminating drugs from body

A

Urine
Bile

PHARMACOLOGY (8 decks)

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