Dosage Forms Of Drugs And Drug administration Flashcards
Any preparation with one more substances dissolved in liquid solvent.
Solutions
Examples of Solutions.
Topical
Parenteral
Ophthalmic solutions
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of drugs made by extraction of crude drugs, solution of chemicals or dilution of fluid extract.
Tinctures
Example of tinctures
Tincture of Iodine
Are liquid preparations where the solute is not dissolved in the vehicle but is suspended throughout the vehicle by the use of suspending agent.
Suspensions
Differences between solutions and suspensions.
Preparations.
Can be solutions, suspensions or emulsions and are nearly always applied topically to the skin and occasionally to the eye.
Lotions
Hastens its drying and cooling effect
Alcohol
Keeps the skin moist for a considerable time
Glycerin
An oily or greasy solution mixtures or various substances intended for external applications.
Liniments
Liquid preparations intended for application to the skin of mucus surfaces possessing antiseptic, astringent, caustic or analgesic properties.
Paints
Preparations intended for dilution with water to make an insecticidal wash in which animals may be completely immersed in order to kill ectoparasites or to prevent reinfestation.
Dips
Suspensions of powder dispersed in water and administered orally
Drenches
Example of Drenches
Phenothiazine Drench
Dispersion of liquid droplets in a second immiscible liquid brought about by adding an emulsifying agent.
Emulsions
Example of Emulsions
Soaps
Cholesterol egg yolk
Solutions carrying medicament intended for ophthalmic or otic administration
Drops
Are usually topically applied aerosols elsewhere the medicament is force out with a propellant mixture of gases.
Sprays
Usually sterile suspensions in fluid or semi fluid vehicle.
Intramammary injections
Are semi-solid emulsions of polyethylene glycol a, water miscible and are indicated on weeping lesions
Cream
Sterile pharmaceutical liquids or suspensions intended for parenteral administration by various routes
Injections
Rapidly biotransformed drug
Epinephrine
Poorly soluble drugs
Streptomycin
Disadvantages of injection
Expensive
Painful
Animal must returned for medication
Must be free from pyrogens
pH near blood if possible(7.4)
Oils should be of vegetable origin
Bacteriostatic agent is usually required in multiple dose containers
Are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar with flavoring only or with flavoring and medical ingredients.
Syrups
Often used interchangeably with creams, immiscible with water, emollient in action by forming an occlusive film which prevents escape of moisture from the skin to the environment and are indicated for dry lessons.
Ointment
A semisolid preparation used topically to carry medicaments intended to alleviate and inflamed area, supplying any or of the following: drugs, heat, and moisture.
Poultices(cataplasms)
Are semi-solid medications melting or softening at body temperature for insertion into a certain body orifices of the body.
Suppositories
Mixtures of drugs in dry powder from intended for internal or external use.
Powders
Are generally defined as medicated solid masses of various sizes and shapes.
Tablets
Large tablets intended for oral or intrauterine administration.
Boluses
Gelatin shells which may be filled with solids or liquids drugs.
Capsules
Most convenient form for oral administration
Capsules
Meant for continues absorption of medical substances by the body and for this the pellets are implanted inside the body.
Hormone implants or the IUD-intrauterine devices.
Sometimes called pellets are a modification of powders which have been lumped together to improved solubility or mask unpleasant taste
Granules
Solid dosage form in which an active ingredient, is formulated with excipients.
Premix
This is mixed homogenously with feed at rates that range from few milligrams to 200 g/ton of feed.
Premix
Example of Active ingredients of premix.
Coccidiostat
Production enhancer
Nutritional supplement
A compressed feed material and is commonly packaged in cardboard box
Medical block
Active ingredients of medical block
Anthelmintic
Surfactant
Nutritional supplement
For bloat prevention
Surfactant
Intravaginal delivery systems
Controlled internal drug release(CIDR) devices
Progesterone releasing intravaginal devices (PRID)
Vaginal sponges
Most common route of drug administration
Oral administration
The drug can be introduced directly underneath the skin by injection.
Subcutaneous Injection
Site of subcutaneous inj.
Loose skin at:
Dorsal thoracic or neck area
Abdomen
Fold near forelimbs and hindlimbs
Site of intavenous inj. For the dog
Cephalic
Saphenous
Jugular vein
Site of IV inj. In pig
Anterior vena cava
Site of IV inj. In rats
Tail vein
Site of IV inj. in poultry
Wing vein
The drug is injected at the ham muscle(gluteus) and plunger is always pulled back to make certain that the needle is not in the vein
Muscle
The drug is injected into the peritoneal cavity where is absorption is rapid
Intraperitoneal
Site of Intraperitoneal Inj.
Lower half of the abdomen
Intraintestinal
This can be facilitated by inserting a rubber tubing attached to a syringe or a french catheter rectally at approximately 2-3 inches
Rectal Administration
