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NUTRITION > INTRO week 2 - NUTRIENTS > Flashcards

INTRO week 2 - NUTRIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vitamins with less common deficiency signs?

A
  • Riboflavin (Vit B2)
  • Niacin (Vit B3)
  • Pantothenic acid (Vit B5)
  • Pyridoxine (Vit B6)
  • Biotin
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2
Q

What is the name for Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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3
Q

Is Riboflavin synthesized by the animals?

A

No! It is synthesized by plants.

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4
Q

Where does Riboflavin accumulates in the animal’s body?

A 
The liver (present in high concentration)
Also, in the kidneys, muscles and dairy products
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5
Q

Riboflavin is important for the synthesis of ____, _____, ____.

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Steroids
  • Vitamin D
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6
Q

Riboflavin ressemble/acts like ____. Is it therefore bound to ____.

A

Acts like a steroid hormone.

It is bound to proteins.

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7
Q

The turnover of Riboflavin is fast or slow. What does that mean?

A

The turnover is slow.

So, it takes a long time to deplete this vitamin.

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8
Q

What are the common deficiency signs of Riboflavin?

A

Curled toe paralysis of chicks

Humans: lesions around the mouth

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9
Q

What is the name for Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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10
Q

Niacin is an important component of?

A

NAD and NADP

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11
Q

What are the classical deficiency clinical signs of Niacin?

A

“Pellagra”: The 4 D’s –> dermatitis, diarrhea, demantia (+ death)

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12
Q

What are the classical deficiency clinical signs of Niacin in pigs?

A

Dermatitis
Enteritis (V+/D+)
Anorexia

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13
Q

What is the name for Vitamin B5?

A

Panthotenic acid

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14
Q

Is Panthotenic acid deficiency common?

A

No, rare deficiency because Vit B5 is widespread!

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15
Q

Which animals has the deficiency in panthotenic acid been reported? What are the clinical signs?

A 
Pigs and poultry!
Clinical signs:
- Poor growth
- Dermatitis
- Goose stepping: altered gait
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16
Q

What is the name for Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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17
Q

What does the deficiency of Pyridoxine results in?

A

Hyperammonemia:

  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
  • Anemia
  • Neurological signs
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18
Q

Even if rare, what are the main deficiency signs of Biotin?

A 
Think hook and skin!
- Hoof lesions
- Dry scaly skin (skin issues)
- Impaired growth/repro
(also; muscle pain, neuro)
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19
Q

Why are some substances called quasi-vitamins?

A

Because required in larger amounts (usually vitamins are not needed in big amount)

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20
Q

Give few examples of quasi-vitamins?

A
  • Choline (ruminants supplements during reproduction)
  • Carnitine
  • Myo-Inositol
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21
Q

What does Ash contains? Is it essential?

A

Minerals: macrominerals and microminerals (just need trace of micro in the food)
Yes, both are essential for normal function, growth and repro!

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22
Q

A lot of minerals are essentials, but they are potentially ____.

A

TOXIC!

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23
Q

What are the minerals that are needed in the food but potentially toxic (small window)?

A
  • Fluorine
  • Selenium
  • Molybdenum
  • Copper
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24
Q

What are the minerals that are always considered toxic metals if present in the food?

A
  • Aluminum
  • Arsenic
  • Cadmium
  • Lead
  • Mercury
    (should only be present in small amount)
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25
Q

What are minerals? Can they be synthesized and degraded by animals or microbes?

A

Minerals are inorganic element present in food!

  • NO! They are elements, so they cannot be degraded or synthesized!
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26
Q

Which minerals is needed in bigger quantity?

A

Macrominerals

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27
Q

What are the important macrominerals? (7)

A
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Sulfur (S)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
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28
Q

What are some important microminerals (or trace minerals)? (9)

A
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Zinc (Zn)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Manganese (Mn)
  • Cobalt
  • Molybdenum (Mo)
  • Selenium (Se)
  • Iodine (I)
  • Chromium (Cr)
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29
Q

To exert their functions, minerals need to be bound to ____.

A

Proteins (form complexes with proteins)

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30
Q

True or False. Minerals can affect one another and gene expression.

A

True!

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31
Q

What are the general functions of minerals?

A
  • Structural components (teeth, bones)
  • Electrolytes; electric charges, acid base balance, osmotic pressure (Na, K, Cl)
  • Modulators of transport and excitability (Na, K, Cl)
  • Co-factor of enzymes (Se, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu)
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32
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A
  • Skeletal tissues
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
  • Skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
  • Blood clotting
  • Component of milk
  • Important in function of white blood cells for their normal function (can even cause immune disfunction in deficiency)
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33
Q

If an animal is deficient in calcium, will it still secrete calcium in the milk?

A

YES! Big part of the milk component even in deficiency situation.

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34
Q

What species is the most challenged in to keep the calcium level at its normal level?

A

Cow –> Dairy cow!! 3 g of calcium in the cow blood and 50g needed in the milk so need to take it from the bone!

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35
Q

What happen when a decrease of calcium happen? Normal mechanism

A

Release of PTH =

  • Increased intestinal absorption
  • Decreased renal loss (increased renal reabsorption)
  • Mobilization from bone
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36
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D will increase the reabsorption of calcium in the GI and it will decrease the lost by the kidney.

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37
Q

Absorption of calcium can be _____ and _____.

A

Passive and active.

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38
Q

In which animal the absorption of calcium can be passive?

A

Young animals

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39
Q

Active reabsorption of calcium is controlled by….

A

1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D

40
Q

What will happen if there’s a prolonged deficiency intake of calcium ?

A

It will be compensated by increasing bone resorption which can lead to osteoporosis.

41
Q

What as the contrary effect of the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitonin (decrease reabsorption of calcium)

42
Q

What will happen if there’s an excess of phosphorus?

A

There will be a reduce absorption of Calcium from the gut. The ratio of Ca:P is very important!

43
Q

What will happen if there’s a deficiency of calcium?

A
  • Signs similar to Vit D deficiency
  • Abnormal skeletal growth and development, rickets: Osteomalacia in adult animals
  • Milk Fever (hypocalcemia / parturient paralysis):
    • -> Muscle weakness (very characteristic position in cows)
    • -> Tetany in dogs (tetanic form of paralysis)
44
Q

Can you inject calcium too fast?

A

Yes! Be careful!

45
Q

What type of dog as more chance to have tetany from calcium defiency?

A

Small breeds and stressed dogs! Why?

When stressed the dog starts to pant = hyperventilation = acid-base imbalance = tetany!

46
Q

What will happen if there’s an excess of calcium? What can cause hypercalcemia?

A
  • Can interfere with other minerals (zinc)
  • Constipation, vomiting, reduced feed intake, aberrant calcium deposition
    From…
  • Feed excess reduces feed intake
  • If feed to much Vitamin D
  • Hypercalcemia results from hyperparathyroidism or cancer, not usually nutritional
47
Q

What is the break down of the location of calcium in the body?

A

99% in bones

1% in the soft tissue: on that…

  • 0,9% is in the cell organelles
  • 0.1% in the extracellular fluid/plasma
  • Trace: cytosol

In plasma (0,1%, 3g in cows):

  • 40% protein bound (not available)
  • 5% complexe calcium
  • 55% ionized calcium (AVAILABLE: very small amount)
48
Q

Why is phosphorus and nitrogen very controlled in the feed of cows?

A

Nitrogen (basically proteins) are very expensive so you want just enough in the feed and both present a great risk for environmental contamination.

49
Q

What are the function of phosphorus?

A

(More known functions than any other mineral element)

  • 80% in bones and teeth
  • Located in every cell in the body
  • Essential to energy transactions (ATP)
  • Acid-base buffering systems
  • Nucleic acids, phosphoproteins, phospholipids
50
Q

How is phosphorus absorbed? Passive vs Active?

A

Passive: the more you feed phosphorus the more it is absorb in the small intestines.
Active: mediated by Dihydroxyvitamin D (distinct from Ca mechanism, but will still increase Ca and P just by different mechanisms)

51
Q

How is phosphorus lost?

A
  • Salivary recycling (if not well swallowed, can have a great lost pf phosphorus because more P in saliva than in plasma)
  • Fecal excretion
52
Q

What are the consequence of an increase of P and Ca (usually together)?

A

Increase P and Ca = kidney damage + mineralization of soft tissue

53
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phosphorus deficiency? Usually when soil are low in P.

A
  • Unthriftyness, infertility
  • Often complicated by simultaneous deficiencies of energy and other nutrients
  • Similar to Vit. D deficiency (mobilizing P from bones inevitably entails Ca loss from bones)
  • Pica
  • Exacerbated by high Ca in diet
54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phosphorus excess?

A

(Note environmental contamination in case of dairy cows!)

  • Increased bone resorption, hypocalcemia
  • Decreases Magnesium (Mg) absorption
55
Q

What does the pica of phosphorus deficiency lead to?

A

Animal eating on carcasses = botulism!

56
Q

What are the functions of sodium (Na)?

A
  • Regulation of osmotic pressure, blood pressure
  • Transport across cell membranes (Na-K-ATPase)
  • pH balance (Na / H exchange)
  • Action potentials in skeletal muscle
57
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sodium deficiency?

A
  • Intense craving for salt –> pica

- Dehydration, hypotension progressing to seizures, coma, Cardia arrhythmia and heart failure, death

58
Q

When do you usually see an excess of sodium?

A

Because of a deficiency of water, initial problem! (Difficult to feed toxic excess if adequate water is available)

59
Q

What are the clinical signs of sodium excess?

A
  • Hypertension, reduced food intake, neurological and cardiac signs (cell
    shrinkage)
60
Q

What are the main functions of chloride?

A

Acid-base balance, maintaining hydration of mucous membranes, activation of pancreatic amylase, etc.

61
Q

What has more chloride, plants or animal origin food?

A

Animal origin

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Chloride deficiency?

A

Unlikely in PRACTICE!

  • Alkalosis (excess of bicarbonate, can happen artificially in cows of displaced abomasum)
  • Increased urinary excretion of Mg and Ca
  • reduced food intake, impaired protein digestion, dehydration
63
Q

What are the clinical signs of chloride (Cl) excess?

A

Like SODIUM, not likely in practice except if deficiency in water:
- V+, D+, dehydration, metabolic acidosis

64
Q

What are the causes and clinical signs of Potassium deficiency?

A

RARE (like Na and Cl), mainly because of a medical condition, not a deficiency in the food.
- Renal loss of K is inhibited by Mg; therefore hypomagnesemia can cause secondary
hypokalemia
- Reduced feed intake, pica.
- Muscle weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, etc

65
Q

What are the causes and clinical signs of Potassium excess?

A

LIKE Na and Cl, toxicity unlikely if animal has enough water!
- Muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmia

66
Q

When does a modest excess of K would be used in dairy cows?

A

Modest dietary excess of K plays important role in calcium metabolism of dairy cows during transition from dry period to lactation

67
Q

How can an excess of potassium be accomplish in a dairy cow farm?

A

By using the manure to fertilize the soil which increase the potassium level of the soil (++ K in the manure) = can cause an excess of K in the feed!

68
Q

What is the important function of magnesium?

A

It alters muscular function!

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency?

A

Because it reduce ATP production…
- Neuromuscular irritability, tetany, seizures
- Grass tetany in ruminants (very rigid)
(Hypomagnesemia can induce hypocalcemia and hypokalemia by increasing PTH activity)

70
Q

Why is magnesium excess rare?

A

Because animals have large capacity for excretion of excess Mg in urine.

71
Q

What is the important function of Sulfur (S)?

A

Some sulfur contains AA essential to form the tertiary and quaternary of some proteins (by having di sulfy bonds)

72
Q

What will cause a sulfur deficiency? Common in which species?

A

Cause a protein deficiency!
Common cause of protein deficiency in cows!
Sheep: this protein deficiency it will cause the wool (laine) to grow with an inadequate shaft of wool fiber.

73
Q

How can sulfur excess happen? What are the clinical signs that excess?

A

Rare (animal can tolerate a high S content in water)

  • High rumen sulfur can kill rumen microbes = thiamine deficiency so the clinical signs are…
    Acute toxicity can cause neurologic changes (blindness, coma, muscle twitches)
    –> polioencephalomalacia in cows
74
Q

Which animal is more common to have a iron deficiency?

A

BABIES!

Piglets are born with Fe-deficiency, they need to play in the dirt or have an iron injection.

75
Q

Is iron excess common? What are the symptoms?

A

Uncommon!

If excess = liver damage!

76
Q

What are the clinical signs of a zinc deficiency? Common in which species?

A

Delayed wound

healing (skin problem) –> common in dogs, pigs.

77
Q

How about the excess of zinc?

A

Very rare!!

78
Q

What can precipitate a deficiency of Copper (Cu)?

A

Excess of Molybdenum (most common when excess of Mo in water), Sulfur and Iron.

79
Q

What is a good indication of a Copper deficiency?

A

Skin and pigment abnormalities. An animal that is not the color it is suppose to be (e.g. cow that suppose to be black and white but is brown and white).

80
Q

What are other signs of Copper deficiency?

A
  • Break in wool (sheep)
  • Anemia
  • CT degeneration
  • Demyelination of CNS
81
Q

What is even more important than a deficiency in Copper…. an excess! Which species is more at risk?

A

SHEEP (++ sensitive)!
When eat food that is meant for cattle or chicken!
Cause hepatocellular injury, anemia and death!!!

82
Q

What do you need to know about Manganese (Mn)

A

Rare to have excess or deficiency;)

83
Q

Which animal is important to have Cobalt and why? Deficiency in Cobalt results in…

A

COWS!
Cobalt important to synthesize Vitamin B12.
If deficiency in Cobalt = deficiency in Vit B12

84
Q

What could cause an excess of Cobalt? How?

A

Cobalt interferes with the uptake of Iodine!

This interference can cause Goiter (same disease if deficiency in Iodine).

85
Q

What do you need to know about Molybdenum (Mo)?

A

Excess or deficiency are rare!

But if there’s an excess can cause Copper deficiency!

86
Q

What are the function of Selenium (Se)?

A

Important in oxidation/antioxidant: control antioxidant damage!

87
Q

What are the consequences of Selenium deficiency?

A

Hemolysis
WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE (lambs, caves, horses)
Cardiomyopathy
Infertility
Immune disfunction important for releasing the placenta = PLACENTAL RETENTION!

88
Q

What other nutrient act similar to Selenium and can cause the same consequence if deficient?

A

Vitamin E!!
Both can cause white muscle disease (both antioxidant).
They work together and to some extent, they can compensate for the other deficiency.

89
Q

What are the main consequence of Selenium excess?

A

Neuro dysfunction

Liver disease

90
Q

What is the problem with Selenium uptake in cows that are for human food?

A

Selenium is toxic for humans, so there’s a limit of Selenium in cows feed but that limit is very close to the minimum the cow need to not have a deficiency.

91
Q

What is the main function of Iodine (I)?

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormones!

92
Q

What are the consequence of a Iodine deficiency?

A
  • Hypothyroidism

- Goiter (neonates, often lambs)

93
Q

An excess of Iodine is rare, but what are the consequence of that potential excess?

A

Ironically, hypothyroidism and Goiter (like the deficiency) because it interferes with the critical enzymes.

94
Q

How can you use that excess Iodine to your advantage? Which species usually?

A

In cats, to treat hyperthyroidism by sending radioactive iodine = destroy that excess thyroid.

95
Q

What do you need to know about Chromium (Cr)?

A

NOTHING:)))

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