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NUTRITION > FEEDSTUFF > Flashcards

FEEDSTUFF Flashcards

1
Q

What is forages also called?

A

Roughage

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2
Q

What is forage (roughage)?

A

Plants utilized in the feeding of livestock.

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3
Q

Forage is better for which species? And less for..?

A

Ruminants, horses and rabbits perform better on roughage than swine or poultry.

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4
Q

Is roughage or cereals that has more carbohydrates?

A

Cereals!

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5
Q

What are the two major types of herbage? Give few examples for each.

A

Grasses: Timothy (cool season), Bermuda (warm season)

Legumes: Alfalfa, clovers

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6
Q

What ability do legumes have that grasses doesn’t?

A

Legumes have the ability to “fix” nitrogen from atmosphere = higher protein content!!

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7
Q

What are the two other different type of herbage (not really talked about in class)?

A

Forbs: non-woody plants

Browse: woody plants

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8
Q

How is the young and mature plants different?

A

Young plant cell has single outer layer (primary cell wall) = higher palatability and digestibility!

Mature plant cell has a second layer on the inside of the cell (secondary cell wall) = reduced palatability and digestibility!
Also, more mature plants have more lignin = more woody = less digestible!

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9
Q

Is plant cell wall well digestible in every animal?

A

No! Monogastrics have a limited ability to digest plant cell wall compounds
p.s. Forage eaters need microbes to ferment the cell wall constituents into usable nutrients.

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10
Q

The forage break down!

A

Look slides 5 in ppt feedstuff!

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11
Q

Dry Matter Intake (DMI) can be calculated, how?

Why animal eat less high DMI forages?

A

DMI can be estimated with the % of NDF in forages:
120/%NDF = DMI (as a percentage of Body Weight)

As the % of NDF in forages increases (so increase in DMI), the palatability decrease = animal consume less!

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12
Q

Exercice: NDF value of forage is 40%, what is the DMI?

A

120/40 = 3% of body weight (BW)

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13
Q

How does the relative feed value (RFV) is estimated?

A

RFV is estimated from the feed intake (fiber content) and the digestibility of dry matter (DDM);

RFV = (%DDM x %DMI) / 1.29

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14
Q

Does RFV have units? Explain

A

No units! It is just a way to compare forage quality.

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15
Q

What does it mean to have a high RFV?

A

A High RFV mean that in the forage has a high feed value, meaning high digestibility.

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16
Q

What has the higher RFV between alfalfa prebud, alfalfa bud, alfalfa midbud and alfalfa mature? And why?

A

In order from higher RFV to lower:

  • alfalfa prebud
  • alfalfa bud
  • alfalfa midbud
  • alfalfa mature

Because alfalfa has a lower ADF and NDF %, so less cellulose and lignin which are less digestible.

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17
Q

What happen if we mix alfalfa with grass?

A

It dilute the crude protein that is presence in high % inside the alfalfa.

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18
Q

How does the crude protein, ADF, NDF and RFV present in corn with ears, less, or not?

A

Corn with ears has more crude protein, less ADF and NDF = higher RFV, than corn with less ears or none.

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19
Q

What is more digestible an immature grass, immature legume, mature grass or mature legume? Why?

A

Immature grass:
- Has the highest digestible cell wall and cell content because it has low lignin in the cell wall and dry matter. it has the highest cell wall and dry matter digestibility.

Immature legume:
- High lignin % in cell wall, but lower dry matter % in cell wall = second most digestible.

Mature grass:
- Has little higher lignin in cell wall (while still lower % than in immature legume) combines with a high dry matter % in the cell wall = lower digestibility.

Mature legume:
- Has the highest %DM in cell wall and highest %lignin in cell wall = least digestible!

20
Q

Why is it advantageous to mix legumes and grasses in pastures?

A

Because they both bring something different.
Legumes has a high crude protein concentration and lower dry matter in cell wall.
While the grasses, have lower lignin and the dry matter is usually quite digestible (high dry matter digestibility %).

21
Q

What is the difference between Hay (foin) and Straw (paille)?

A

First, they both start as field crop!

Hay is cut before the plant goes to seed so the nutrients are kept in the plant. Cut to early to let the nutrient leave the plant into the seeds/grains.

Straw: byproduct of grain or seed production. Most common is wheat. After cutting the wheat part (top part), the rest is cut of plants (la tige) = that’s the straw!

22
Q

Is straw or hay best quality? Higher digestibility? Explain.

A

Hay has the highest quality and digestibility!

Straw has less nutritional value, higher cellulose/lignin. Usually used to dilute the ration of hay.

23
Q

What is silage made from?

A

From grass that was preserved (without first drying) by partial fermentation in anaerobic conditions which produces acid.

24
Q

“Haylage” is silage product, with what is it made?

A

From forage grasses or legumes (lower moisture and DM)

25
Q

What is the most common silage used in animal nutrition? Why is that common?

A

Corn silage!

Because it is accessible and it is one of the highest metabolizable energy silage!

26
Q

What does peNDF mean? What is it related to?

A

Physically effective NDF

Related to the physical propreties of NDF that stimulate chewing and establish digesta mat.

27
Q

The higher the peNDF, the ___ frequent the chewing, the ___ is the saliva = the ____ the pH.

A

the more frequent the chewing, the more abundant is the saliva = the higher the pH.
*Keeps the pH in check (of pH too low it kills the vital microbes of the rumen).

28
Q

How can we evaluate the peNDF of the feed?

A

By using the Penn State Particle Separator = measures the physical fiber (particle size) = evaluate the amount of effective fibers (NDF).

29
Q

The peNDF is not the same with all feedstuff. The amount of NDF vs chewing activity affects it. What type of feedstuff has a slow, normal, quick chewing time?

A

Normal:

  • Alfalfa (60min)
  • Bermudagrass (68 min)
  • Ryegrass (63 min)

High:
- Oat straw (88 min)

Quick:
- Corn silage (44 min)

30
Q

What are the main cereals and grains used for animal feed?

A
  • Maize
  • Oats
  • Barley
31
Q

Why do we want to feed animals cereals and grains?

A

Mainly for the high starch content = source to energy!

32
Q

What is important to know about the crude protein inside cereals and grains?

A

Many grains are deficient in lysine and methionine (essential AA)!
(Moderate amount of crude proteins in cereals and grains, 8-12%)

33
Q

Do cereals and grains have a lot of calcium and phosphorus? Why the phosphorus can be a problem?

A

No, it has low Calcium, higher phosphorus.

The phosphorus is often in the form of phytates which can block the calcium absorption.

34
Q

Why would we be milling wheat? Basically, what does it mean “milling” wheat?

A

“Milling” wheat means to break down a wheat to use it for human use (for flour) and taking the other part for the animal use.

35
Q

What would be example of milling by products?

A
  • Bran
  • Middling
  • Polishing
  • Molasses
36
Q

What is the grain of wheat made of? Describe each part nutritional component.

A
  • Endosperm: mainly carbohydrates, highly digestible, small amount of protein.
  • Germ: mostly protein +/- fat.
  • Bran: shell of the grain, made of cellulose, group B vitamins, Iron.
37
Q

Are grain easily digestible? What can make it even more digestible?

A

YES! Grains contains 70-80% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN).

Processed grains are more digestible, for example;

  • Grinding
  • Rolling
  • Pelleting
38
Q

Is it possible to process too much grains? Why?

A

Yes, if grains are ground too fine, it makes them less digestible because they will run through the GI tract too quickly.

39
Q

Why would we had fat to the animal feed?

A

To add energy

Remember 1 g of fat = 9 KCal

40
Q

Fat comes often comes from by-product from animal slaughter, does it contains proteins if it animal fat?

A

No, no proteins are included!

41
Q

Why do we use oilseed meals? What are they? Give an example.

A

We use oilseed meals because it is high in crude protein (about 40%).

For example, sunflower; they are squeezed to let the oil out and what is left is a high protein “cake” called oilseed meals.

42
Q

Why would we use distillers dried grains, malt sprouts (germes de malt), brewer’s grain meal or yeast (basically distillery and brewery products)?

A

They contain high protein but MAINLY because they contain AA that corn lack –> tryptophan, some have high lysine.

43
Q

As protein supplements, we can use soybean meals, flaxseed meals, sunflower seed meals, peanut meals, cottonseed meals (from higher CF to lower) because they are in energy and proteins. Why do we need to be careful with cottonseed meals?

A

Because they contain small amount of gossypol which can be toxic (can cause reproduction problems).

44
Q

Can we use animal by-products in feed?

A

Yes!

45
Q

Why addition of animal by-products in production animal feed well controlled?

A

Because of the risk of prion disease (in humans when eat the animal) –> Many animal products cannot be fed to mammals => Strictly controlled!

46
Q

Urea doesn’t taste good (bitter taste), has a high nitrogen concentration (46%) and is potentially toxic. Why would we still want to had it to the ruminant feed?

A

Because, in small amounts, urea can be used by the rumen flora do synthesize proteins. So it can be used specific circumstances where the feed is low in proteins.

47
Q

What are vitamin/mineral premixes?

A

They are a concentrated mixture of vitamins and minerals already prepared. Those premixes are added to the feed to complete the essential nutrients requirement.

NUTRITION (6 decks)

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