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NUTRITION > FEEDSTUFFS & FORAGES > Flashcards

FEEDSTUFFS & FORAGES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 macronutrients required by ruminants?

A
  • Energy
  • Fat
  • Protein
  • Water
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2
Q

What is the most important macronutrients?

A

WATER

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3
Q

What are the functions of the water? 2 main ones, total of 8 functions.

A
  • Moves food through the digestive tract
  • ** Regulates body temperature
  • Medium for carrying essential nutrients throughout the body (blood)
  • Lubricates joints and organs
  • Element for chemical reactions in the body (input/output chemical reactions)
  • Waste excretion from the body
  • Lubrication during birth
  • ** Main component of blood plasma, semen plasma, CSF
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4
Q

Monogastric (pigs) gets their energy through… and ruminants through…

A

Monogastric (pigs): grains

Ruminant: roughage

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5
Q

4 categories of source of energy in ruminants are…

A
  • Fiber
  • Fat
  • Starch and sugar
  • Protein

** will provide all energy requirements **

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6
Q

Which source of energy is the easiest used?

Which one is the hardest used?

A

Starch and sugar (carbs)!

Hardest: proteins!

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7
Q

How can forage be offered?

A

Via…

  • Grazing (fresh)
  • Dried
  • Green chop
  • Silage
  • Acid treated
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8
Q

Is there specific grazing forage for cool and warm season? Is there some always there?

A

YES! There’s some grazing forage in cool season annuals and perennials.
Cool season annuals: Ryegrass, oats, wheat, tritacale, barley
Perennials: Tall Fescue-1*** (don’t want to overload), Timothy-2, Brome grass-3, Bermuda grass

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9
Q

Why perennials are nice to use?

A

Because they grow with the animal. When animals are done growing, the plant stops too. Go trough animal cycle, they work very well!

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10
Q

What are the fat sources for monogastrics and ruminants

A

Monogastric: By-products
Ruminants: Hay –> legumes, grass, cereal grain

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11
Q

What is reallyyyyyy important about hay (also about the EXAM ;)?

A

Hay must be preserved at DM above 85%!!!

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12
Q

Remember…
What’s NDF? What is it composed of? What does it do to the stomach when eaten?

What’s ADF?

What’s Lignin? Energy value?

A

NDF: neutral detergent fiber = total fiber content. Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. High fiber forages fill the stomach faster = animal eats less and needs more ration supplements!

ADF: acid-detergent fiber. Measures of the cellulose lignin and pectin fiber fractions. Used to predict energy content of forages.

Lignin: indigestible fiber!!! It has no energy and restricts digestibility of other fiber components.

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13
Q

The less the ADF the…

Why?

A

… the better the source of those fibers.

Because it calculate the excess (what’s not digested) = a lot is excreted in feces.

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14
Q

What is TDN? What does it calculate?

Is it an efficient calculation for forages and grain?

A

TDN: total digestible nutrients.

  • -> It describes the energy content of feeds as the sum of digestibilities of different nutrients.
  • -> NO! The TDN system overestimate energy derived from forages relative to grain.
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15
Q

Does alfalfa have a high nutritional value? What if cut at early bud stage?

A

YES! If processed at early bud stage = +++ nutritional value.

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16
Q

What is the cereal grain hay used more and more now? What are the 2 others used?

A
    • CORN !!!!
  • Wheat (used whole or what is left after cut for human consumption, but less nutritional value in that form)
  • Oats
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17
Q

Is feeding hay to ruminants cheap? Why? Explain the 4 different “lost” of hay?
IMPORTANT TO KNOW

A

NOOOOO! Very costly! Cost 0,02$ and 0,07$ per pound of dry matter (double cost for the same amount of nutrient from pasture).

  • -> Large investment in equipment, labor to make it and feed it to the animals, 50% wasted by either poor storage methods or improper feeding practices (e.g. urine or stools on it)
  • **4 LOST ***
  • Improper feeding
  • Improper storage
  • Rotting
  • Spontaneous combustion
18
Q

What is the most economically good bale type? The one with the less lost/wast.

A

Square bale in a rack.

more lost: large round bale in rack or large round bale without rack

19
Q

How does the hay wasted by cows evolve depending on the day to day supply? 1- day, 2-day, 4-day supply…

A

From 1-day supply to 4-day supply…

  • -> The hay fed per cow per feeding will increase (more hay used for one cow)
  • -> The hay refused or wasted will also increase!

Better to give the 1-day supply! (but use a lot of labor to feed cows everyday).

20
Q

Where to you want to put the feed?

A

Where you can diminish the lost and the contamination by fecal and urine matter.

21
Q

What are the 2 type of processing? What is the advantage and disadvantage of each?

A

Green chop:
+ : no processing = economic! Like ruminating grass but already cut grass
- : Slipping of nutrients when cut.

Silage:
+ : smaller particles = higher feed the intake = more efficient feeding
- : more expensive processing

22
Q

Why do you want to plant early the corn and why do you want to cut it early? ** IMPORTANT **

The same amount of corn crop harvested for as silage removes more (….), (….) and (….) as when the crop is harvested for grain.

A

**Early planting of corn for silage increases grain content and somewhat stalk height **

The same amount of corn crop harvested for as silage removes more (than 2x Nitrogen), (3x phosphorus) and (10X potassium) as when the crop is harvested for grain.

23
Q

What is the advantage to cut the corn into 1/2 to 3/4 inches in length particules for silage? Why not do finer cut silage?

A

The advantage of cutting the corn particules that size is that it is packs more firmly in the silo and is more palatable to cattle.

Finer cut silage will increase the amount of DM that can be stored but is less palatable = lower butter fat tests when fed as the primary source of roughage for dairy cattle.

24
Q

Why do you want to cut the corn when “still alive and breathing”? What condition is used in corn silage?
Why do you want to avoid too much air, or escape of CO2 in corn silage?

A
  • -> Corn cut when still alive and breathing. Plants cells and microorganisms form CO2 and heat by using the trapped air.
  • -> Anaerobic condition is formed and desirable bacteria start fermentation process.
  • -> Too much air, or escape of Co2 allows respiration to continue and cells use too much sugar and carbohydrates. This wastes nutrients needed by the desirable bacteria to preserve the silage.
25
Q

Is gases wanted in the corn silage? Are they always safe? When specifically can an accumulation of gases happen?

A

Yes, it is wanted (fermentation) but too much accumulation can cause lethal level of gases and it may occur at any time during silo filling!

26
Q

Why do you want to protect the silage short after filling? ** IMPORTANT **

A

**Because the greatest danger is 12 to 72 hours after filling, but may occur for up to 10 days! **

27
Q

What are the 2 gases that accumulates in silage? How do you recognize their accumulation?
Apart from those 2 gases, which deadly gas can be present in the silage without any indication of its presence?
** IMPORTANT **

A 
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen tetra oxide (N2O4) may be recognized by their irritating odor and color.
--> No2 is reddish brown and N2)4 is yellow.

***Nitric oxide (NO) be present in deadly concentrations without being visible!

28
Q

True or False. Silage additives needs to be added to the silage at the time of ensiling.

What are the pros and cons of silage additives?

A

Top quality silage can be made without the addition of any additives or preservatives, no evidence that it increase the feeding value of corn silage.
Molasses and grain may be added to corn forage at the time of ensiling (when put grass, corn, into silo for silage storage):
+ : Better palatability, enrich the silage as a feed
- : Lost of some fermentation

29
Q

What are the 2 common corn silage additive?

A

Limestone and non-protein nitrogen compounds.

30
Q

How do you know the quality of your silage?

Give the characteristics of a well-eared corn silage.

A

By the energy content and intake potential as well as content of protein and minerals.
–> Energy content primarily determined by the amount and digestibility of fiber. Well-eared corn silage has…
Amount of NDF: low –> concentration ranges from 36-50%.
Amount of ADF: low –> concentration ranges from 18-26%
*Both gives a higher energy content silage!

31
Q

What does affects the energy content of silage? What is an exception to that rule, in which situation?

A

Grain content affects energy content!
Possible to have high energy content with lower grain % because the leaves and stalks of the corn plant (stover) has a higher digestibility.

32
Q

Put in order the from the higher to lower energy requirement of the following:

  • Lactating
  • Immune system
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
  • Maintenance

One exception seen in class: when does maintenance is not necessarily the one demanding the most amount of energy requirement.?

A

Highest to lower:

  • Maintenance
  • Immune system
  • Lactation
  • Growth
  • Reproduction

At pick of lactation: the energy requirement is at the same level as the maintenance level.

33
Q

Energy requirements change overtime which has significant (…) implications.

A

Energy requirements change overtime which has significant (health and performance) implications.
(See diagram in ppt)

34
Q

What are the nutrient used for proteins in monogastric and ruminants?

A

Monogastric: soy and by-product
Ruminants: by-products , legume hay and urea.

35
Q

What are the 2 sources of protein available for the ruminant?
Remember the 2 crude proteins categories
What are the most common proteins source?
Where does the high proteins comes from?

A

2 sources available:

  • Protein from feed
  • Microbial protein from rumen microbes

Most common: soy meals, feather meal
High protein: dehydrated alfalfa (pellets or chop hay)

36
Q

What is the disadvantages of feeding proteins in dairy cows?

A
  • Expensive (necessary for production)
  • Negative impact on environment = excretion of (N)
  • Negative impact on production and on reproduction (fertility)
37
Q

Why the amount of AA (protein) fed over the course of the life time decreases? What stage needs more AA?

A

–> As animal age = percent of body fat increases
–> As body fat increases = protein accumulation decreases
–> As protein accumulation decreases = AA requirements decreases
SOOOOOO
Young animal needs higher AA requirements than older animals!!

38
Q

True or False. In silage, the moisture content needs to be just right, and it needs anaerobic condition.

A

TRUE!
If excessive moisture = seepage.
If too dry = not pack adequately and higher loss from fermentation and mold occurs.
Should be kept in an anaerobic condition!

39
Q

Acetic and lactic acids are produced by bacteria in corn silage. What does indicate the end of fermentation? How should it take approximately?

A

Fermentation continues until acids overwhelm bacteria. A pH of 4.2 is ideal and should occur in 3 weeks.

40
Q

At what stage of life does we increase the energy requirement going into the immune system?

A

Post-weaning!

NUTRITION (6 decks)

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