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INTRO - NUTRIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The sum of all processes by which an animal takes in and utilizes food substances.

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2
Q

What animals are carnivores? Obligate and facultative?

A

Cat (obligate), dogs (facultative), minks, ferrets, tigers,…

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3
Q

What animals are herbivores?

A

Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, camelids), horses, rabbits

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4
Q

What animals are omnivores?

A

Humans, pigs, poultry (volaille), rats, mice

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5
Q

What other animals obligate carnivores?

A

Felids, mink, dolphins, seals.

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6
Q

What are the special nutrients characteristics of the cats?

A
  • Require Vitamin A (cannot make it from beta-carotene)
  • Limited ability to form niacin from tryptophan
  • High requirement for taurine (in animal muscle)
  • High requirement for arginine
  • Short digestive tract
  • Poorly utilize carbohydrates, so use gluconeogenesis for their glucose requirement
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7
Q

What does dry matter made of?

A

Organic: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins/peptides, vitamins, amino acids/amines, nucleic acids, organics acids, other
Inorganic: essential macro and micro minerals and non essential minerals.

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8
Q

Both plants and animals contain organic and inorganic substances. What are the similarities and differences between the substances of those 2 types of food?

A

Difference: Not the same proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Similarities: Same nucleotides and minerals. Structures of Vitamin C, E, and B-series are the same in animals and plants.

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9
Q

In proximate (Weende) analysis, what are the different components extracted from food?

A

Water (extracted by bowling/baking the food), Ash, Ether extract, Crude proteins, Nitrogen Free extract (NFE).

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10
Q

In proximate (Weende) analysis, what make up the ash, ether extract, crude proteins, NFE? Where do they come from?

A

Ash: minerals
Ether extract: dietary fats (triglycerides, FA, phospholipds, waxes, essential oils, carotenes, fat-soluble vitamins…)
Crude proteins: extract by Kjeldah N analysis by the assumption that 16,25% of protein is made of nitrogen and the only nitrogen in the food comes from the proteins. Contains proteins, peptides, amino acids, amines, purine/pyrimidines, nucleic acids, NH4, urea…
NFE: known by calculating the difference, what is left. Contains sugars, startch, glycogen, pectins, cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose (last 3: crude fibers).

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11
Q

How does plant material is separated in cell content and cell wall?

A

Boiling neutral detergent.

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12
Q

What does contains the cell content and cell wall after boiling neutral detergent?

A

Cell content: carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, …

Cell wall: Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin.

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13
Q

How do you get Hemicellulose and ADF from the cell wall?

A

Extraction with acid detergent.

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14
Q

What is ADF mean? What does it contains?

A

ADF: acid detergent fibers

Contains cellulose and lignin.

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15
Q

Which is more digestible; hemicellulose or lignin/cellulose?

A

The most digestible is hemicellulose and the least digestible is cellulose and lignin (more “woody”).

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16
Q

Why do we call the proximate analysis of protein “crude protein”?

A

Because it is an estimation of the amount of protein in the food. The estimation is made by 2 assumptions: that 16,25% of protein is made of nitrogen and that the only nitrogen in the food comes from the proteins.

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17
Q

What is the most crucial nutrient?

A

WATER!

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18
Q

What is the primary source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates!

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19
Q

What is carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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20
Q

What constitutes a simple monosaccharides and a complex polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose.

Complex polysaccharides: starch, cellulose.

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21
Q

Carbohydrates comprises up to ___ of dry matter of plant based foods and constitute the ____ proportion of diets of non-carnivores.

A

75%

greatest

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of carbohydrates?

A

Soluble and insoluble carbohydrates.

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23
Q

What is the other name for soluble carbohydrates? What is their role and where are they found?

A

Other name for soluble carbohydrates: Non-Structural carbohydrates (NSC)
Found inside plants cells (cell content): sugar, startch, organic acids
Role: serve as energy source.

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24
Q

Is the soluble carbohydrates the same as the non fibrous carbohydrates?

A

NO! Similar but not the same.

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25
Q

What is the role of insoluble carbohydrates and where are they found?

A

Found in the cell wall: constitue fiber (more woody substance)
Role: structural integrity.

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26
Q

Dietary energy: break it down from gross energy (GE).

A

See dietary energy slide!

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27
Q

What is heat increment?

A

The energy lost into heat because of fermentation in the digestive tract, energy used to move food from through the gut wall. All metabolic processes. (Quite a lot of heat increment in ruminants than monogastric).

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28
Q

What is the net energy first used for? And what is the rest energy used for and what is that energy called?

A 
Maintenance energy (ME).
Any surplus deposited in body tissues (growth) or products (milk, eggs, etc.) is defined as retained energy (RE).
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29
Q 
We mesure energy in calorie or joules.
1 Cal (kilocalorie) = \_\_\_\_ kJ
A

4.184 kJ

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30
Q

What is lipids made of? In what are they soluble or not?

A

Made of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Soluble in organic solvents.
Insoluble in water.

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31
Q

Are lipids highly reducible?

A

Yes (high proportion of hydrogen atoms)

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32
Q

What are lipids used for?

A
  • -> Energy storage!! = when more than the energy needed is absorbed.
  • Insulation and thermoregulation (e.g. neonates)
  • Structural components of cell membrane
  • Signaling molecules (leptin)
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33
Q

How many Kcal 1 gram of fat equals? How many time more energy is 1 gram of fat compared to 1 gram of carbohydrates?

A

9 kcal

Energy of 1 gram of fat = 2,25 X the energy of 1 gram of carbohydrates

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34
Q

How many Kcal 1 gram of carbohydrate equals?

A

1 g carbohydrate = 4 Kcal

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35
Q

What is fat made of?

A

Ester of FA and glycerol

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36
Q

Why would lipids be added to the food?

A
  • increase energy density (more energy in less food)

- increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

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37
Q

What are the different types of FA?

A

Saturated, unsaturated and some polyunsaturated.

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38
Q

What is the triglycerides made of?

A

Glycerol with 3 FA molecules.

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39
Q

How long is the chain of the FA found in plants and animals?

A

Usually 16, 18 and 20 carbon atoms (reflects the biosynthesis pathway from acetyl-CoA).

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40
Q

How long is the chain of some FA in ruminants animal fat? Why is it different?

A

Odd-numbered like 15 due to the action of bacteria in the rumen.

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41
Q

What are the commun short chain FA?

A
  • Acetic acid (acetate)
  • Proprionic acid (proprionate)
  • Butyric acid (butyrate)
    ALL Volatile FA!
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42
Q

Are VFA soluble in water?

A

YES!

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43
Q

What are the commun long chain FA?

A
  • Palmitic acid
  • Linoleic acid (omega 6)
  • a-Linolenic acid (omega 3)
  • Arachidonic acid (omega 6)
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44
Q

What are the two possible types of configuration in a FA?

A

Trans (gives a straight FA, easily compacted = more dense)

Cis (gives a less straight FA = less dense)

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45
Q

How do you name/count fatty acids

A

Starting by the back bone (COOH); Delta 1, 2, 3, … until double bond.

Starting by the other side (where the reaction occur, so more usefull to use that terminilogy); Omega 1, 2, 3,… until the double bond.

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46
Q

What is the difference between a polyunsaturated and monounsaturated?

A

Poly: multiple double bonds.
Mono: only one double bond.

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47
Q

What is considered a short chain, medium chain and long chain FA?

A

Short: 2-5 C
Medium: 6-12 C
Long: > 12 C

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48
Q

Where can we find short chain FA?

A

In the rumen and blood of ruminants (products of carbohydrates and AA fermentation) = crucial for ruminant nutrition.

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49
Q

Butyrate plays an important role in ________.

A

colonic health.

50
Q

Is medium chain FA soluble in water?

A

Varies, but yes in physiological temperature.

51
Q

Where are medium chain FA absorbed?

A

Small intestines into portal veins

52
Q

Where can we find medium chain FA in food?

A

Plants!

Also, 10-20% of FA in milk of domestics animals.

53
Q

Is long chain FA soluble in water?

A

NO!!!

54
Q

In plants and animals, what is the most common saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated LCFA?

A

Saturated: Palmitic acid
Monosaturated: Oleic
Polyunsaturated: Linoleic

55
Q

In ruminants bacteria, what is the result of FA metabolism?

A

Conjugated FA: adjacent double bonds (++ close bonds).

found in meat and milk of ruminants

56
Q

What are the essential FA?

Not synthesized by mammals, but requires for metabolism

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
    +/- Arachidonic acid
57
Q

What lipids can act as a metabolic mediator? How?

A

Palmitic acid
- Sustained Jun kinase (JNK) activation
= Insuline resistance (inhibits insulin gene transcription)
= mediates obesity-induced inflammation.

58
Q

What do proteins consist of?

A

One or more long chains of amino acids residues folded into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

59
Q

Do we have amino acids or proteins storage provision?

A

No, amino acids must be present in the diet.

technically yes, in the muscles, but not good at all to use the proteins in our muscle as the source of protein

60
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

First, proteins are the main constituant of lean body organs and soft tissue = ++ IMPORTANT!

  • Cell membrane structure and transport
  • Enzymes (metabolic reactions, DNA replication)
  • Chemical messengers: Hormones, paracrine and autocrine factors
  • Antibodies and immune cytokines
61
Q

What is the important function of proteins in ruminants and cats?

A

Gluconeogenesis (turning AA into glucose)

62
Q

Tissues proteins need continuous replacement because of _____, which varies a lot with biological activity.

A

Metabolic Turnover

63
Q

Are all AA the same structure and chemical properties?

A

NO, their molecular weight varie and chemical properties can be very different (hydrophilic vs phobic, nb of nitrogen, sulfur or not).

64
Q

What are the two types of AA? Are they both essential?

A

Proteinogenic (encoded AA in standard genetic code)
Non-proteinogenic (not encoded)
Yes! They are both essential for normal homeostasis!

65
Q

True or False. Taurine is a proteinogenic AA.

A

False, it is a non-proteinogenic AA.

66
Q

Where can we find taurine? What is its function in the body?

A

Taurine can ONLY be found in animals as free AA.

It is important for brain, heart, GI tract function, retina and others.

67
Q

Why cats need taurine in their diets?

A

Because cats don’t have the enzyme cysteine that can produce taurine.

68
Q

What happen if a cat diet have a deficiency in taurine?

A

Cardiomyopathy, blindness, infertility

69
Q

Can animals synthesize amino groups like plants and microbes? Alternative…

A

NO! They need to have a dietary source of ready made AA.

70
Q

How many AA are essential (for most animals)?

A

10

71
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the 10 essentials AA

A 
P henylalanine
V aline
T hreonine
T ryptophan
I soleucine
M ethionine
H istidine
A rginine
L eucine
L ysine
72
Q

Does “non essential AA” are non essential?

A

No! It just mean that the AA can be made from the essential AA in the diet. It is not essential that they are present in the diet.

73
Q

Can protein synthesis proceed with most of the AA needed?

A

NO! ALL the AA needed needs to be there for the synthesis of the primary structure of that protein.

74
Q

What is the difference between proteins and peptides?

A

Peptides: 2 or more AA
Proteins: bigger and more complex! (+/- 72 AA and atomic weight more than 8 kD)

75
Q

Are all proteins equally biologically valuable?

A

No!

76
Q

What increase the biological value of a dietary protein?

A

The match between the amount of AA in the diet and the amount of AA needed by the animal body.
If there’s a discrepancy between the amount of AA supplied and the one needed, there will be more AA found in the feces and possibly urine.
If it matches perfectly, than the intake of AA and the use of them by the body will be equal. The dietary protein will be define as high biological value.

77
Q

How do you calculated the biological value?

A

By examining the nitrogen (N) intake and excreted in feces and urine.
N intake - (fecal N + urinary N) -divided by-
N intake - fecal N

78
Q

What can influence the biological value?

A

Mainly by the essential AA content of the protein in question.

79
Q

Is crude protein the true amount of protein in the food? Why?

A

No! The crude protein is an estimate!
We based that estimate on the assumption that protein is 16.25% nitrogen and that’s the only source of nitrogen.
The truth is…
- some proteins contain more or less nitrogen
- on-protein nitrogen: they are nutrients that distort the crude protein value. For ex. a food that would have a lot of ammonia, would look like it has a lot of protein, but it is mainly ammonia.
- Melamime: 66% nitrogen = distort protein estimate and found to be toxic for animals.

80
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins and water-insoluble one?

A

Soluble: B series and C

Insoluble A, D, E, K (“ADEK”)

81
Q

How can vitamins be destroyed?

A

Oxidation, heat, light, metals (important to store them well)

82
Q

Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?

A

Most of them, no! The exception are niacin and vitamin D (Soleil!)

83
Q

Are vitamins used for energy and structural purposes?

A

No!

84
Q

What are vitamins used for?

A

Co-enzymes or specific functions.

85
Q

Which vitamins are potent antioxidants?

A

C and E

86
Q

What are the most toxic vitamins if excess of them?

A

Water insoluble vitamins (ADEK)

87
Q

What is the most important function of Vitamin A?

A
  • Eye (vision)

- Maintenance of mucosal surfaces (eye, lip, endometrium)

88
Q

Where can we find Vitamin A?

A

Milk, eggs, butter, liver.

89
Q

What can be converted into vitamin A but not present in cats?

A

Beta carotene

90
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Poor growth
  • increase risk of infection
  • Infertility
    (needs to have a long time without vitamin A)
91
Q

Where can we find Vitamin D?

A

Rare in food (some fish), mostly sunlight.

Vitamine D3 can be metabolize in most animals

92
Q

What is the most important function of Vitamin D?

A

Critical role in absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

93
Q

What is the path of activation of Vitamine D?

A

(in the liver) Vit D3 – 25-dydroxyvit –> (in the kidney) D3 – 1,25-dihydroxyvit D3

94
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets (young animals) = swollen joints

Osteomalacia (adults)

95
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin D excess?

A

Hypercalcemia
Vomiting
KIDNEY DAMAGE

96
Q

Where can we find Vitamin E?

A

Feedstuffs

++ essential oils

97
Q

What is the most important function of Vitamin E?

A

ANTIOXIDANT!

Protect the FA in cell membrane from oxidation, very important!!

98
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Anemia
  • Impaired reproduction
  • Hepatic damage
  • Muscle degeneration –> very typically = White muscle disease!!!
99
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin E excess?

A

Becomes a free radical = excess oxidation (ironically can look a little like the deficiency)!

  • Hepatic injury
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Heart failure
100
Q

Where can we find Vitamin K?

A

Plants, Algae and Bacteria can synthesize Vit K not animals.

101
Q

What is the most important function of Vitamin K?

A

It is a coenzyme of procoagulation factors!

102
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhage!

Common when eat spoiled clover (intox)!

103
Q

What are the consequence of vitamin K excess?

A

It is an oxidant, so causes the same consequences as an excess of Vit E:

  • Erythrocytes instability
  • Hemolysis
  • Potentially fatal anemia
104
Q

What is the name of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

105
Q

Where can we find Thiamine?

A

Legumes, nuts, whole grains, yeast, animal products

106
Q

What are the consequence of thiamine deficiency?

A

Progressive neurological damage!

  • Cats: raw fish diet = thiaminase inside = Thiamine deficiency
  • Ruminants: disruption in the rumen that kills the bacteria that produce the thiamine (clinical signs: moon gazing)
  • Intoxication to “Bracken fern”: contains thiaminase (often in horses)
107
Q

What is the name of vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin!

108
Q

Where can we find Cobalamin (Vit B12)?

A

Synthesized by microorganisms!
Not required in ruminant of they have cobalt in their diet!
ABSENT in plants!!

109
Q

What are the major functions of Cobalamin (Vit B12)?

A
  • Detoxify homocysteine
  • Maintain intracellular stores of methionine
  • Regenrate folate
  • Synthesis of purine, pyrimidine and nucleic acid
  • IN RUMINANTS: synthesis of succinyl-CoA = critical for inclusion of proprionate into Kreb’s cycle = lack GLUCOSE = look like lack of energy.
110
Q

What are the consequence of Cobalamin deficiency?

A
  • Ruminants: lethargy (no synthesis of succinyl-CoA = cannot use proprionate = lack of glucose)
  • Impaired methionine synthesis, impaired DNA deficiency, impaired formation of erythrocytes
  • Neurological signs (possibly secondary to deficiency of methionine)
111
Q

What is methionine?

A

Essential AA!

112
Q

What is the name of vitamin B9?

A

Folate

113
Q

Where can we find Folate (Vit B9)?

A

Synthesized by plants and microbes

++ in foods of plant and animal origin

114
Q

What is the major function of Folate (Vit B9)?

A

DNA synthesis

115
Q

When is Folate important to supplement?

A

During pregnancy

116
Q

What are the consequence of Folate deficiency?

A
  • Megaloblastic Anemia
  • Neural tube defects
  • Poor growth
  • Reduced egg hatchability
117
Q

What is the other name for Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

118
Q

From where is the Vitamin C synthesized in most animals? What is animal is an exception?

A
  • Vitamin C is synthesized from glucose in liver of most mammals.
  • Synthesized from glucose in liver and kidneys of most birds
  • EXCEPTION: Guinea pigs!!!
119
Q

What is the important function of Vitamin C?

A

Collagen synthesis!

120
Q

What animal can have scurvy? What are the clinical signs?

A

Guinea pigs; Classic Vitamin C deficiency!

  • CT abnormalities
  • Gums/teeth bleeding
  • Loose teeth
  • Poor wound healing
121
Q

What Vitamin deficiency is rare in domestics animals?

A

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

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