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NUTRITION > FEEDSTUFF & NUTRIENTS > Flashcards

FEEDSTUFF & NUTRIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

Maintenance has to be maintain all the time so it is the (…) energy requirement!

A

HIGHEST!

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2
Q

Lactating animal will use a lot of energy, so the energy requirement will as high as (….)

A

Maintenance!

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3
Q

If animals don’t meet their energy requirement… (3 consequences/results)?

A
  • Lose body condition
  • Not good growth
  • Economic lost
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4
Q

What are the important macrominerals? (7)

A
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Chloride (Cl)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Sulphur
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5
Q

What is Calcium important for?

Where is Ca located in the ruminants?

A

CALCIUM:

  • Skeleton and cell signalling –> REGULATION & MOBILITY!
  • Location: 99% bones, the rest in teeth and intracellular fluids.
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6
Q

What is Chloride important for?

A

CHLORIDE:

Acid-base and gastric secretion –> HOMEOSTASIS!

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7
Q

What is Magnesium important for?

Where is Mg located in the ruminants?

A

MAGNESIUM:

  • Enzyme activation, cell membrane stability –> METABOLISM!
  • CRITICAL for metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins + role in nerve conduction, muscle contraction.
  • Location: 70% in skeleton and is generally poorly remobilized.
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8
Q

What is Phosphorus important for?

Where is P located in the ruminants?

A

PHOSPHORUS:

  • Skeleton, fiber digestion –> METABOLISM, MAINTENANCE, REPRODUCTION!
  • Location: 80% in bones, some in saliva and nucleic acids
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9
Q

What is Potassium important for?

A

POTASSIUM:

- Acid base –> MUSCLE FUNCTION, CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION!

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10
Q

What is Sodium important for?

A

SODIUM:

- Acid base –> NUTRIENT TRANSPORT = DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS!

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11
Q

What is Sulphur important for?

A

SULPHUR:

- Protein & Cartilage synthesis = growth of rumen microbes –> RUMEN FUNCTION!

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12
Q

What is the condition called “Milk fever”? Which animal has it?

A

Presented in lactating animal, especially post parturition! Presence of a lack of calcium.
CS: loss of appetite, excitability, nervousness, hypersensitivity, weakness

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13
Q

Who do you not want to supplement in calcium?

A

Pregnant cows or any animal that is not deficient!

–> Only give Calcium WHEN the animal is diagnose with calcium deficiency

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14
Q

What is the causes of calcium deficiency?

In which situation is more likely to be present?

A
  • **Milk fever
  • Lethargy
  • Weak bones
  • Rickets
  • **Poor growth

Deficiency occurs on acid/sandy soils, or grazing rapidly growing grasses, cereals, or with high grain supplementation

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15
Q

What is weird sign in the Phosphorus deficiency? What are the other signs of deficiency?
In which situation is more likely to be present?

A

It causes a decrease of appetite!

  • Slow growth rates
  • Listlessness
  • (Poor fertility)

Deficiency in cattle cattle grazing low-P soil, often when pastures are mainly low quality dead grass with little to no legume.

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16
Q

What are the sign of Magnesium deficiency?

A
  • Muscle spasms, trembling and nervousness! Very obvious symptoms!
  • -> Called Grass tetany or hypomagnesemic (Metabolism disregulation)
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17
Q

Do you often supplement Magnesium?
What helps decrease risk of Mg deficiency?
What can increase risk of Mg deficiency

A

Yes!

  • DECREASE RISK: Adequate fiber, Na intake and energy aid in reducing deficiency issues!
  • INCREASE RISK: high intakes of K, Ca, P and organic acids decrease Mg availability! = grass tetany!
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18
Q

What is Potassium essential for? Therefore….

A

For plant growth, therefore available herbage is usually at least adequate!

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19
Q

Usually a deficiency in sodium will be associated with a deficiency in…?

A

Usually deficiency in Na and Cl all at the same time. Sooooo usually supplement are given for the 2.

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20
Q

What are the signs of Na and Cl deficiency?

In which situation is more likely to be present?

A
  • Ill thrift
  • Pica (bone chewing)
  • Anorexia

Na and Cl deficiency possible in arid areas where pastures, grains and seeds may be abnormally low in sodium.

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21
Q

How do you correct the Na and Cl deficiency?

A

“Salt licks” are generally the primary means of correcting deficiencies.

22
Q

What are the signs of sulphur deficiency? In cattle and sheep.

A
  • Rumen disturb = not making adequate AA = disrupt rumen funtion!
  • Lack of crimp (wavyness of the wool) and poor wool (fleece) production/characteristics.
23
Q

What are the micronutrients? Which one of them are the most critical?

A
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Copper
  • Iodine
  • Iron
  • Maganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium

Critical: COBALT + IODINE

24
Q

Why is the CHROMIUM important?

A

CHROMIUM:

- Carbohydrates, Protein and Lipid metabolism –> IMMUNE FUNCTION!

25
Q

Why is the COBALT important?

A

COBALT:

- B12 synthesis –> HEMOPOIESIS!

26
Q

Why is the COPPER important?

A

COPPER:

- Enzyme cofactor, required for body, bone and wool growth –> IMMUNE FUNCTION!

27
Q

Why is the IODINE important?

A

IODINE:

- Thyroid function –> IMMUNE ACTIVITY!

28
Q

Why is the IRON important?

A

IRON:

- OXYGEN TRANSPORT (for hemoglobin), antioxidant enzymes

29
Q

Why is the MANGANESE important?

A

MANGANESE:

  • CARTILAGE SYNTHESIS, antioxidant enzymes
  • Require for normal reproduction, fetal and udder development.
30
Q

Why is the MOLYBDENUM important?

less important micro mineral

A

MOLYBDENUM:

- cofactor for redox enzymes

31
Q

Why is the SELENIUM important?

A

SELENIUM:

  • IMMUNE FUNCTION, arachidonic acid metabolism
  • Destruction of peroxides = protect against tissues against oxidative damage.
32
Q

When is a critical time for deficiency of chromium?

A

3 weeks pre-partum and the first weeks post-partum

33
Q

If Cobalt is deficient….? Anemia is not really an easy key CS, why?
What are the CS of Cobalt deficiency ?
What is Cobalt deficiency also associated with?

COBALT IMPORTANT

A 
Cobalt deficiency present as B12 deficiency
If Cobalt is deficient... It can show several CS that are hard to diagnose because they over laps with other diseases that also present anemia!!
CS:
- Ill thrift
- Weepy eyes
- Anaemia (or anemia)
- Scaly ears
- Infertility
- Poor mothering

Associated with phalaris staggers

34
Q

What are the CS of Copper deficiency?
Where is Cu more present?
What increase the availability of Copper?
What decrease the availability, so increase the change of Copper deficiency?

A
  • Reduced fertility
  • Depressed immunity
  • Reduced pigmentation of hair (black hair change to red)

–> Copper more present in grass than clover

–> Availability is higher from dry feed than green herbage

  • -> High intake of of sulphur, zinc, iron, cadmin and calcium = decrease Cu availability
  • -> Excess of Molybdenum linked to copper deficiency
35
Q

What is the first sign of Iodine deficiency? In which life stage is it common and which is it rare?

** IODINE IMPORTANT **

A

Goiter in newborn calves!
Rare in cow herds.
–> Iodine is usually supplemented.

36
Q

What is the CS of Iron deficiency?
Iron oxide is often included in mineral mixtures, is considered an important supplement?
If you need to supplement, what do you give the animal?

A 
CS:
- Anemia
- Depressed immunity
- Decreased weight gains
(rare in grazing cattle)
  • -> Iron oxide is not an important supplement because it is not available to the animal!
  • -> You want to give as a supplement: Iron SULFATE! That is available to the animal!
37
Q

Is Maganese deficiency common?

In which condition/diet is it a problem?

A

Rare and unlikely in grazing cattle!

Corn-based diets are low in manganese = need supplementation!

38
Q

What is the signs of Selenium deficiency?

In which form should Selenium be used? Why?

A

REPRODUCTION problems:
- Calves will be weak at birth
- Increase susceptibility to diseases like scours.
- Increase rates of retained placentas
- Poor reproductive performance
Premixed often with iron, because it is very toxic!

39
Q

Why do we use bioavailability coefficients of minerals from different sources to formulate diets?

A

So they meet the needs of the cows without excretion of minerals in manure, which negatively affects the environment.

40
Q

Where do monogastrics and ruminants get their fat soluble vitamins?

A

Monogastrics: Vit-A supplement, Vit-D supplement
Ruminants: Green grass, Sunshine

41
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins (insoluble in water)?

A

A, D, E, K

42
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B series, C

43
Q

Why is Vitamin A important?
Where do you find Vitamin A? Why would a deficiency happen?
What are the consequence of that deficiency?

IMPORTANT

A

VITAMIN A
It is needed for normal bone development, maintenance of epithelial cells and night vision
–> Conversion from beta carotene
–> Found in green feed and stored in liver
Deficiency may occur in… During prolonged period of droughtor grazing dry, matured pasture (corn stubble) –> plants under water stress.

***CS: night blindness, eye discharge, ill thrift
(if cannot see, cannot identify females = decrease reproduction)

44
Q

Is Vitamin D deficiency common? Why?
Where is it stored? What does it regulate?
What do animals looks like when Vitamin D is deficient?

A

–> Not common, should have enough with sun-cured hay and produced by the animal skin through irradiation (just by staining under the sun)!
–> Stored in the liver
–> Regulate Ca:P balance
Deficiency CS:
- Ill thrift
- Anorexia
- Hunched back
- Rickets (swollen joint, bow legs, knock knees)

45
Q

What is Vitamin E important for?

When is Vitamin E deficiency more present? What are the CS?

A
  • -> Vit E is needed for unsaturated fatty acids metabolism and maintaining cell membranes
  • -> Deficiency more present in young stock raised without green feed for several months!

CS:

  • **Lameness (painful walking)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Ill thrift
  • *White muscle disease!
46
Q

What affect the fat soluble vitamins availability? What helps it?

A
  • High grain diets = increase amount of ruminal vitamin destruction = increase requirement for fat soluble vitamin
  • Poor fat digestion = decrease availability of A, D, E and beta carotene.

–> Fresh forage contains: Vit A precursor beta carotene and Vit E

47
Q

What happen if poor vit E and Selenium are deficient?

A

Poor fertility

48
Q

Where does monogastrics and ruminants gets their water soluble vitamins?

A

Monogastrics: ALL must be supplemented!
Ruminants: No requirements –> **RUMEN BACTERIA adequate responses! **

49
Q

There is some studies that shows that Biotin (B7) helps in 2 cases, which are they? Which one has a more consistent response to it?

A
  • Reduction of hoof horn lesion and lameness –> response more consistent!
  • Milk yield, less consistent but studies reports increased production.

(don’t know the mechanism)

50
Q

Choline doesn’t fit the vitamin definition BUT (….)

A

It is still required in gram quantities!

51
Q

When is choline supplementation needed? Why?

A

During transition period up to 60 days post-partal

–> May reduce liver fat and increase milk production.

52
Q

Why is Vitamin C important? Degraded where?

don’t need to know the deficiency

A

Most important water soluble antioxidant in mammals!

Most form of Vitamin C are degraded in the RUMEN.

NUTRITION (6 decks)

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