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microbiology 2 > intro to viruses > Flashcards

intro to viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus

A

nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat

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2
Q

metabolically inert

A

must invade a host in order to replicate

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3
Q

virus enzymes

A

may carry their own enzymes or use host cell enzymes

utilise host cell ribosomes and organelles

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4
Q

virus envelope

A 
some viruses have this 
made of host cell lipid bilayer membrane, acquired when progeny bud out of the host m membranes 
eg 
nuclear membrane 
membrane of endoplasmic reticulum 
membrane of Golgi apparatus 
outer plasma membrane
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5
Q

capsid

A

protein shell

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6
Q

capsomeres

A

protein components of capsid

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7
Q

virus unit

A

virion

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8
Q

glycoproteins on enveloped viruses

A

enveloped viruses express virally encoded glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope
there perform important functions related to virulence, such as adhesion to the host cell

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9
Q

3 shapes of viruses

A

plyhedral
helical
complex

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10
Q

polyhedral viruses

A

many sides
capsomeres are triangle shaped
usually 20 sides - icosahedral

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11
Q

helical viruses

A

capsomeres arranged in a helix around a helical genome

may have filamentous shapes

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12
Q

glycoproteins on influenza

A

haemaglutinin

neuraminidase

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13
Q

complex shaped viruses

A

pox virus

bacteriophage - infect bacteria

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14
Q

sense positive

A

if nucleotide sequence is the same as that of an RNA (mRNA) transcript that can be translated into amino acid sequence

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15
Q

acute infection

A

detectable
gets cleared
recovery or death

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16
Q

latent infection

A

virus may not be detecatable
not cleared
periodic reactivation and illness
not actively replicating

17
Q

chronic infection

A

virus is detectable
may be cleared eventually
fluctuating illness

18
Q

slow infection

A

virus is detectable
virus is not cleared
end stage illness

19
Q

latent virus example

A 
herpes viruses 
varicella zoster virus 
EBV
cytomegalovirus 
Human T lymphotrophic
20
Q

chronic viral infection example

A

Hepatitis B and C
HIV
human papilloma virus

21
Q

Hep B virus

A

Hepatitis B core antigen - HBcAg
Hepatitis B surface antigen - HBsAg
Hepatitis B ‘e’ antigen (uncertain role) - HBeAg
has envelope and DNA polymerase

22
Q

Hep antigens

A

blood tests for antibodies against Hep B antigens

surface antigen is found in the blood in three forms in a person with active infection

23
Q

Hep B core antigen

A

stays inside the liver - not detectable in blood

24
Q

Hep B chronic infection

A

people who don’t clear the virus
surface antigen persists in the blood - if found for longer than 6 months this is indicative of chronic Hep B
surface antibody is never detected

25
Q

Hep B e antigen

A

can persist

means the patient is highly infectious to other people

26
Q

outcomes of chronic hep B infection

A

persistant viral replication in the liver
many patients remain symptom free carriers
others experience chronic hepatitis and liver damage
cirrhosis
liver failure
death
a small percentage of those with chronic infection will develop hepatocellular carcinoma

27
Q

subacute sclerosing panencaphalitis

A

SSPE

defective forms of the measles virus

28
Q

progressive rubella pan encephalitis

A

rubella virus

29
Q

prion diseases

A

classified as slow viruses but not caused by viruses

30
Q

prion disease examples

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
variant creutzfelt jakob disease
fatal familial insomnia
Kuru

31
Q

oncogenic viruses

A

only a minority of people infected with a potentially oncogenic virus will develop cancer

32
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

HBC, HCV

other conditions causing fatty liver and/or cirrhosis will increase the risk

33
Q

cervical carcinoma

A

HPV high risk types
15 strains/200 cause cervical carcinoma
Gardasil 9 vaccine covers the main 9 strains

34
Q

oropharyngeal cancer

A

many cases causes by HPV

other risk factors are smoking, chewing tobacco and excess alcohol

35
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

caused by EBV

36
Q

burkitt’s lymphoma

A

caused by EBV
B cell non Hodgkin
childhood cancer in endemic regions
strong epidemiological links to infection with falciparum malaria and HIV infection

37
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

HHV-8

became common during the aids epidemic

38
Q

adult T cell lymphoma

A

HTLV-1
very high incidence of infection in aboriginal and Torres straight islander people
1 in 20 of those with the infection will develop cancer

39
Q

Merkel cell carcinoma

A

MCPyV
- uncommon aggressive cancer seen in elderly and immunocompromised
propensity to metastatsise
cofactors are UV exposure and pale skin

microbiology 2 (26 decks)

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