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Forensic & Toxicology > Intro To Toxicology > Flashcards

Intro To Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Define toxicology:

A

The science of poisons that study toxic substances.

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2
Q

Sources of toxins:

A
  1. Chemical (most common)
  2. Plant
  3. Animal (least but most serious)
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3
Q

Toxicant

A

Toxic substances from chemicals

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4
Q

Toixc substance from animals

A

Venom

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5
Q

Toxic substances that produced within living cell or organisms

A

Toxins: like bacterial toxins

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6
Q

Difference bt venomous and poisonous animals:

A

Venomous :deliver or inject their venom directly by apparatus (stinger)
Poisonous: don’t deliver it directly, thier entire body cantains toxic substance, it is harmful when it eaten or touch

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7
Q

Toxins sites action:

A

Local: corrosives
Systemic(remote): away from site of transmission
Both: oxalic acide (corrosive and reactive)

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8
Q

Factor effecting action of poisons
Realted to poison:

A

Dose
Physical statue : gas>liquid>solid
Purity: If impurities are more toxic than poison, more toxicity

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9
Q

Factor effecting action of poisons
Realted to poison:

A

Dose
Physical statue : gas>liquid>solid
Purity: If impurities are more toxic than poison, more toxicity

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10
Q

Factor effecting action of poisons
Realted to person:

A

Age: child and elderly more sensitive
Healthy: RF or LF
Sensitivity: genetic factors
Sex: female more sensitive (less mass and more fat)

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11
Q

Factor effecting action of poisons
Realted to mode or exposure:

A

Inhalation>i.v>i.p>s.c>i.m>i.d>oral

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12
Q

Factor effecting action of poisons
Environmental factors:

A

Temperature
Pressure
Humidity
Radiation

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13
Q

Toxidromes:

A

Signs and symptoms that related to specific poison

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14
Q

Definitive care of poisoning cases:

A

• Measure and identify the toxic agent
• Decrease further absorption
• Enhance elimination
• Antidote (if available)
• Treatment of systemic complications

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15
Q

The initial approach to poisoned patients should be essentially similar and every case end similar to:

A

Initial approach to the trauma patient

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16
Q

Components of the ABCDE approach:

A

Airways
Breathing
Circulation
Disability( level of consciousness)
Environment

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17
Q

The most common factor contributing to death from poisoning is:

A

Loss of airway-protctive reflexes with subsequent airway obstruction.

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18
Q

In poisoned patients, airway obstruction caused by:

A
  1. Flaccid tongue
  2. Aspiration of gastric contents
  3. Respiratory arrest
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19
Q

The most common cause of airway obstruction in unconscious patient is:

The first maneuver to manage it:

A

Passive obstruction by the tongue

Jaw thrust followed by endotracheal incubation

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20
Q

If the patient’s mental status is altered or if hypotension exists …give:

A

Coma cocktail:
100% oxygen
Naloxone
Glucose
Thiamine

21
Q

Contraindications of induction of emesis:

A

Convulsions
Hydrocarbons
Corrosives
Sharp object (needle)
Come or decrease gag reflex
Less than 6m age (no gag relfex)
Hemorrhagic tendencies

22
Q

Charcoal adult dose:

A

1mg/kg

23
Q

Charcoal contraindications:

A

• Instestinal obstruction

• 3C:
Coma
Corrosives
HydroCarbon

• If you already gave Antidote

24
Q

Can we use cathartics (laxatives) in poisoning management and why

A

Yes, they enhance the passage of material(toxins) through GIT and decrease the time of contact and absorption

25
Q

Contraindications of laxatives:

A

Intestinal obstruction
GIT hemorrhage
Recent bowel surgery
Renal failure (of mg sulfate)

26
Q

Name two types of laxatives with ex

A

Irritants that increase motility like caster oil
Osmotic that increases osmotic pressure like mg sulfate

27
Q

Whole bowel irrigation used for:

A

Clean git from ingested non absorbed toxins

28
Q

Indication of bowel irrigation

A

• material that is not absoped by charcoal
• massive amount
• sustained-release or enter-coated drugs
• packets of illegal drugs

29
Q

What is antidote:

A

Therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic action of specific xenobiotic

30
Q

Classification of antidote according to mechanism of action:
A lot of talk

A

• intacts with poison to from non-toxic complex.
• accelerate detoxification.
• decrease the rate of conversion of the poison into its toxic mb
• Compete on the receptor
• block the poison’s receptor
• Bypass the effect of poison
• Antibodies to the poison

31
Q

Example of antidote that bypass the effect of poison:

A

O2 in case of CO or cyanide toxicity

32
Q

Example of antidote that competes the poison for its receptor:

A

Naloxone

33
Q

Example of antidote that blocks poison receptor

A

Atropin in case of A large-scale exposure to a nerve agent or organophosphate insecticide or cholinergic syndrome

34
Q

Example of antibodies antidote:

A

Digiband and antivenom

35
Q

Example of antidote that decreases the rate of conversion of poison to ist toxic mb

A

Ethanol and fomepizole

36
Q

Example of antidotes that accelerate detoxification of poisons:

A

N-actylecysteine and thiosulfate

37
Q

Physical antidotes

A

Adsorbing: charcoal
Coating: mixture of egg and milk makes a coat over mucosa
Dissolving: 10% alcohol or glycerin for carbolic acid

38
Q

Chemical antidote:

A

Oxidizing
Reduction
Precipitating

39
Q

Example of oxidizing antidote:

A

Amyl nitrite is used in cyanide toxicity

40
Q

Examples of reducting antidote:

A

• Vit c for drug causing Methemoglobinemia
• methylene blue for Methemoglobinemia producers

41
Q

Examples of precipitating antidote:

A

Starch : it makes blue precipitate with iodine
Eggs, skimmed milk or gelatin : for mercury

42
Q

Mention 2 methods to enhance the excretion of ABSORPED poisons

A

Manipulation of urine ph
Dialysis

43
Q

Manipulation of urine ph by:

A

Forced alkaline diuresis
Acid diuresis (uncommonly)

44
Q

Why is acid diuresis dangerous:

A

Because of the risk of myoglobin precipitation in renal tubules.

45
Q

Dialyzable substances for good dialysis must have:

A

Low volume distribution
Low molecular weight
Low protein binding

46
Q

Examples for dialyzable substances:

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates
Salicylate

47
Q

Examples of non dialyzable substances:

A

Opiates
Atropine
Antidepressants

48
Q

Peritoneal dialysis acts by:

A

Considering peritoneum as semi-permeable membrane

49
Q

Complications of peritoneal dialysis:

A

Peritonitis
Perforation of abdominal organ
Dehydration or overhydraion
Intra-abdominal bleeding

Forensic & Toxicology (29 decks)

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