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MSS - RESP Exam 1 > Intro to Respiratory Clinial Cases > Flashcards

Intro to Respiratory Clinial Cases Flashcards

1
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma

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2
Q

emphysema

A

alveolar wall destruction

overinflation

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3
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

productive cough

airway inflammation

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4
Q

asthma

A

reversible obstruction

bronchial hyperresponsiveness

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5
Q

COPD

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

can exist together

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6
Q

emphysematous lung?

A

enlargement of air spaces

-loss of alveolar sacs

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7
Q

chronic bronchitis?

A

plugging with mucus and inflammation of airways

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8
Q

albuterol

A

beta-2 receptor agonist

-bronchodilation

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9
Q

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

restrictive disease

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10
Q

left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary edema and hypertension

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11
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in alveolar space

-affects gas exchange

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12
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

impaired perfusion in lungs

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13
Q

respiration

A

gaseous exchange by cells and tissues

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14
Q

types of respiration

A

cellular and external

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15
Q

cellular respiration

A

gaseous exchange within cells

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16
Q

external respiration

A

at level of blood cells

-rid CO2 and recharge with O2

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17
Q

3 components of respiratory system?

A 
conducting - carries air into lungs
respiratory - air exchange
ventilatory mechanism (diaphragm and rib cage)
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18
Q

central airways?

A

greater than 2mm diameter

*bronchi

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19
Q

peripheral airways?

A

less than 2mm diameter

*bronchiolar

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20
Q

conducting portion

A

dead air space

-nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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21
Q

function of conducting portion?

A

conduct air
removal of particulates
warming, cooling, humidifying air

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22
Q

dry and wet air?

A

air humidified as it move through respiratory passages

**pay attention when doing calculations

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23
Q

why is it important to warm inhaled air?

A

solubility of oxygen drops at higher temperatures

also, don’t want to destroy cilia

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24
Q

trachea?

A 
lined by respiratory epithelium
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lamina propria (glands)
smooth muscle
elastic fibers
cartilage
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25
Q

as you move down cartilage?

A

cilia, glands, cartilage gradually disappear
smooth muscle increases
epithelium becomes cuboidal

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26
Q

cell classification of trachea epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

  • rests on thick basement membrane
  • cilia - moves mucus up

with goblet cells

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27
Q

terminal bronchioles?

A

last section that is purely conducting

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28
Q

lamina propria

A

thin fibrous layer
elastic fibers are dense
forms elastic membrane** - bottom of lamina propria

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29
Q

submucosa

A

beneath elastic membrane

-contains seromucous glands

30
Q

tracheal cartilage?

A

C-shaped
posterior aspect has smooth muscle (trachealis)

-allows passage of food bolus down esophagus

hyaline cartilage

31
Q

carina

A

horseshoe shaped cartilage

32
Q

bronchiole

A

no cartilage**

33
Q

bronchus

A

has cartilage**

34
Q

pulmonary artery

A

travel with bronchus

-carry deoxygenated blood

35
Q

at the terminal bronchioles

A

transition from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar epithelium

36
Q

terminal bronchiole columnar cells?

A

two types

ciliated
club cells

37
Q

club cells

A

non-ciliated secretory cells
-formerly clara cells

secrete product that protects bronchiolar epithelium

  • CCSP - club cell secretory protein
  • similar to surfactant

engulfs and breaks down toxins via cytochrome P-450

progenitor population to regenerate ciliated epithelial cells

38
Q

particulates in lung?

A

greater than 10 micrometers - tonsils and adenoids
2-10 micrometers - mucus and coughing
less than 2 micrometers - alveolar macrophages

39
Q

respiratory region of lung?

A

respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
alveoli

40
Q

alveolar duct

A

elongated branch of respiratory bronchiole

41
Q

atrium

A

space between alveolar duct and alveolarsac

42
Q

alveolar sac

A

end of alveolar duct

-single outpocket - alveolus

43
Q

alveoli

A

walls are delicate and contain elastic fibers

-thin-walled polyhedral structures

44
Q

alveolar pore**

A

small slit-like openings that allow air to flow between alveoli

allows equalization of pressure**
stop collapse of alveoli due to pressure
also allow spread of infection
can prevent atelectasis
allow alternate pathway for ventilation
45
Q

atelactasis

A

collapsed lung

46
Q

alveolar wall

A

five different types of cells

-surface cells
1 type I alveolar cells
2 type II alveolar cells

-intramural cells
3 endothelial cells
4 fibroblasts
5 smooth muscle cells

47
Q

surface cells

A

epithelial cells

-on outer surface

48
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

not part of wall, but very important

49
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

cover surface of alveolus (90%)

-stretches in long extensions

50
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

cover 5-10% of surface

  • more cuboidal in nature
  • sits in wall of alveolus
  • secrete surfactant* better air exchange*

full of lamellar bodies (that contain surfactant)

51
Q

surfactant

A

surface tension reducing agent

-prevents collapse of alveolus during expiration

52
Q

capillary endothelial cells

A

intramural cell

interspace for air exchange

53
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

aka dust cells
-lots of these into lung during heart attack

free of alveolar wall

aka heart failure cells

known derivation is monocytic

54
Q

alveolar membrane

A

O2 exchange - passive transport

multilayered barrier
-attenuated cytoplasm type I cell
-BM between type I cell and endothelium
attenuated cytoplasm of endothelium

55
Q

henry’s law

A

concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to partial pressure in gas phase

56
Q

fick’s law

A

flow proportional to concentration difference across a barrier

57
Q

surfactant

A

dipolar (amphipathic)

-reduce surface tension

58
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood to lung
large elastic arteries
enter lung at hilum
follow bronchial tree

59
Q

bronchial arteries

A

carry oxygen/nutrient rich blood to lung
medium muscular arteries
distribute to lung
follow bronchial tree

60
Q

pulmonary veins

A

tend to run within parenchyma
large veins approach bronchial tree

run away from the airways

61
Q

mean pulmonary artery pressure

A

15 mmHg (very low)

62
Q

mean systemic pressure

A

100 mmHg

63
Q

shunt

A

transfer of deoxygenated blood from venous circulation to arterial circulation

64
Q

start on HISTO slide

A

126**

65
Q

in lamina propria

A

seromucous glands

66
Q

elastic membrane

A

underlies lamina propria

67
Q

submucosa layer?

A

beyond elastic membrane

68
Q

cartilage collagen type?

A

type II

69
Q

bronchial artery

A

smaller vessel close to the bronchi

70
Q

dark brown crap cell in alveolar space?

A

macrophage

71
Q

type II alveolar cell?

A

in wall
larger round nucleus

secretes surfactant** which has lipid

72
Q

infants before 32-34 weeks?

A

low surfactant production

-not good exchange of O2

MSS - RESP Exam 1 (9 decks)

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