Control of Breathing

Question 1

hyperventilation

Answer 1

PCO2 decreases

Question 2

hypoventilation

Answer 2

PCO2 increases

Question 3

hyperpnea

Answer 3

increased breathing that meets metabolic needs

Question 4

tachypnea

Answer 4

respiratory rate above normal range

-greater than 20

Question 5

bradypnea

Answer 5

respiratory rate below normal range

-less than 10

Question 6

central controller

Answer 6

pons, medulla, parts of brain

Question 7

respiratory control receptors?

Answer 7

central chemo
peripheral chemo
upper airway
pulmonary

Question 8

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 8

inspiration

Question 9

ventral respiratory group

Answer 9

expiration

Question 10

inhibitory neurons?

Answer 10

first half of expiration

followed by latent period

Question 11

to increase respiratory rate?

Answer 11

decrease the inspiration phase

Question 12

blood brain barrier

Answer 12

permeable to CO2

-not H+ or bicarb

Question 13

central chemoreceptor?

Answer 13

influenced by CO2 (change in [H+])

Question 14

CSF

Answer 14

lower protein concentration
-lowered buffering capacity

pH change quicker

not sensitive to PO2

has own carbonic anhydrase

Question 15

central chemoreceptor response

Answer 15

decreased pH [changes in H+]

• leads to increased activity of peripheral chemoreceptors
• blow off more CO2
• PaCO2 levels fall and central chemoreceptor is inhibited with increased pH

Question 16

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 16

carotid bodies and aortic arch
-change in partial pressure and pH

decreased PaO2, decreased pH, and increased PaCO2 all stimulate ventilation

Question 17

high altitude response?

Answer 17

PaCO2 levels fall and increased peripheral chemoreceptor response

Question 18

lung receptors?

Answer 18

pulmonary stretch
irritant
J receptors
bronchial C fibers

Question 19

other receptors?

Answer 19

nose and upper airway
joint and muscle
arterial baroreceptors
pain and temp

Question 20

ventilatory response to hypoxemia?

Answer 20

higher PaCO2 results in more flattened curve

ex/ COPD patients

Question 21

ventilatory response to hypercapnea?

Answer 21

lower PaO2 leads to steeper slope

Question 22

haldane effect

Answer 22

100% O2 results in higher release of CO2 from hemoglobin

-results in increased PaCO2

Question 23

why can COPD patients have hypercapnea

Answer 23

airway obstruction

Question 24

acute change in ABG of COPD patient?

Answer 24

increased CO2 and decreased O2

• yes, give O2, but not 100% with mask
• important to monitor
• want to keep between 88 and 92%

Question 25

salicylate toxicity

Answer 25

respiratory stimulation, upper-abdomen distress, nausea, HA

due to overdose of aspirin

Question 26

aspirin effects?

Answer 26

it is an acid

• will result in metabolic acidosis
• also hyperventilation

Question 27

acetylsalicylic acid

Answer 27

aspirin

Question 28

mechanism of salicylate toxicity

Answer 28

acid will cross blood-brain barrier

• dissociates in brain (CSF low buffer capacity)
• stimulates the central chemoreceptors

Question 29

response to increased ventilation?

Answer 29

respiratory alkalosis

Question 30

effects of aspirin?

Answer 30

1 interferes with cellular metabolism and TCA
2 increased lactic acid production
3 aspirin is an acid