Control of Breathing Flashcards
hyperventilation
PCO2 decreases
hypoventilation
PCO2 increases
hyperpnea
increased breathing that meets metabolic needs
tachypnea
respiratory rate above normal range
-greater than 20
bradypnea
respiratory rate below normal range
-less than 10
central controller
pons, medulla, parts of brain
respiratory control receptors?
central chemo
peripheral chemo
upper airway
pulmonary
dorsal respiratory group
inspiration
ventral respiratory group
expiration
inhibitory neurons?
first half of expiration
followed by latent period
to increase respiratory rate?
decrease the inspiration phase
blood brain barrier
permeable to CO2
-not H+ or bicarb
central chemoreceptor?
influenced by CO2 (change in [H+])
CSF
lower protein concentration
-lowered buffering capacity
pH change quicker
not sensitive to PO2
has own carbonic anhydrase
central chemoreceptor response
decreased pH [changes in H+]
- leads to increased activity of peripheral chemoreceptors
- blow off more CO2
- PaCO2 levels fall and central chemoreceptor is inhibited with increased pH
peripheral chemoreceptors
carotid bodies and aortic arch
-change in partial pressure and pH
decreased PaO2, decreased pH, and increased PaCO2 all stimulate ventilation
high altitude response?
PaCO2 levels fall and increased peripheral chemoreceptor response
lung receptors?
pulmonary stretch
irritant
J receptors
bronchial C fibers
other receptors?
nose and upper airway
joint and muscle
arterial baroreceptors
pain and temp
ventilatory response to hypoxemia?
higher PaCO2 results in more flattened curve
ex/ COPD patients
ventilatory response to hypercapnea?
lower PaO2 leads to steeper slope
haldane effect
100% O2 results in higher release of CO2 from hemoglobin
-results in increased PaCO2
why can COPD patients have hypercapnea
airway obstruction
acute change in ABG of COPD patient?
increased CO2 and decreased O2
- yes, give O2, but not 100% with mask
- important to monitor
- want to keep between 88 and 92%
salicylate toxicity
respiratory stimulation, upper-abdomen distress, nausea, HA
due to overdose of aspirin
aspirin effects?
it is an acid
- will result in metabolic acidosis
- also hyperventilation
acetylsalicylic acid
aspirin
mechanism of salicylate toxicity
acid will cross blood-brain barrier
- dissociates in brain (CSF low buffer capacity)
- stimulates the central chemoreceptors
response to increased ventilation?
respiratory alkalosis
effects of aspirin?
1 interferes with cellular metabolism and TCA
2 increased lactic acid production
3 aspirin is an acid
