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PSYCO 347 > Intro to Relationship Science > Flashcards

Intro to Relationship Science Flashcards

1
Q

Are people waiting more or less to marry than in the past?

A

Longer.

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2
Q

Does cohabitation make it more likely for a subsequent marriage to succeed?

A

No, it makes it more likely to fail.

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3
Q

How pronounced are actual psychological differences between sexes?

A

Not as pronounced as stereotypes say.

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4
Q

Is having an androgynous partner associated with greater or lesser relationship satisfaction?

A

Greater.

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5
Q

What are the two types of intimate relationships between adults?

A

Friends and lovers.

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6
Q

What 6 factors differentiate intimate relationships from casual ones?

A

Differences in knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust, and commitment.

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7
Q

What are the differences in knowledge that distinguish intimate relationships?

A

People in intimate relationships have a more in depth knowledge of their intimate partners than casual partners.

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8
Q

Are the 6 differentiating factors for intimate relationships necessary?

A

Not necessarily, but the more dimensions are present, the more intimate the relationship tends to be.

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9
Q

Are the dimensions of intimate relations stable over time?

A

No, relationships can change. A married couple may start with all 6 but lose them over the years.

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10
Q

What is interdependence?

A

The extent to which intimates need and influence each other.

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11
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of interdependence?

A

Frequency, strength, diversity, and endurance.

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12
Q

What is meant by frequent interdependence?

A

People have continuous, constant influence on each other.

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13
Q

What is meant by strong interdependence?

A

There is a strong influence on partners compared to others.

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14
Q

What is meant by diverse interdependence?

A

We influence our partners in multiple facets of their lives.

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15
Q

What is meant by enduring interdependence?

A

The influence is longer lasting than in other relationships.

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16
Q

What is mutuality?

A

Intimates overlapping between their lives and think of themselves as “us” instead of “me and him/her”.

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17
Q

What do Baumeister and Leary state that we need in order to function properly?

A

Frequent, pleasant interactions with intimate partners in lasting, caring relationships.

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18
Q

Is quality or quantity of relationships more important?

A

Quality. When our need for intimate interaction is satiated, we no longer feel the drive to form other relationships.

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19
Q

What are some health risk factors of losing ties?

A

High blood pressure, weaker immune functioning, higher mortality rates, and increased likelihood to suffer from mental disorders.

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20
Q

How have the rates of marriage changed in the last 50 years?

A

94% of people marrying vs. less than 80% today.

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21
Q

When are women and men now most likely to get married, respectively?

A

Women around 26 or 27; men around 28 or 29.

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22
Q

What proportion of Americans remain unmarried until their 30s?

A

More than 1/3.

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23
Q

What proportion of African Americans are not married until 36?

A

1/2

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24
Q

What proportion of Americans cohabit with their future spouse?

A

1/2

25
Q

What percentage of children are born out of wedlock today vs. 50 years ago?

A

40% today, 5% in 1960

26
Q

What percentage of marriages end in divorce?

A

50% in the USA, 25-30% in Canada.

27
Q

What percentage of American children live in single-parent households?

A

60%.

28
Q

How is cohabitation before marriage correlated with marriage?

A

The longer partners live together, the less likely they are to marry. If people get engaged before they cohabit, however, it seems to have no effect.

29
Q

Why is cohabitation a bad indicator?

A

People who cohabit tend to have less idealistic views of marriage, so the shorter marriages can be attributed to a shared lack of pro-marriage values.

30
Q

How do religious beliefs confound with cohabitation as an indicator of marriage longevity?

A

Strong religious beliefs are correlated with not cohabiting, as well as less favourable views of divorce.

31
Q

What two points make for higher divorce rates?

A

The growing ease of divorce and our higher expectations for our partners.

32
Q

What are 3 sources of change in interpersonal relationships?

A

Increasing levels of socioeconomic development, pronounced individualism, and new technology.

33
Q

How has socioeconomic development influenced people’s relationships?

A

Education and financial resources allow people to travel more widely, this increase in options can tempt some to break up and pursue other options.

34
Q

How has pronounced individualism affected people’s relationships?

A

People rank duty, honour, and obligation lower than ever before. Personal fulfillment is taking a larger role.

35
Q

How has new technology influenced people’s relationships?

A

Modern reproductive technologies make it easier to reduce our ties with others (casual sex), as well as facilitating pregnancy without a man.

36
Q

What is a sex ratio?

A

A simple count of the number of men for every 100 women in a single population.

37
Q

What was the sex ratio in 2003?

A

86 unmarried men for every 100 unmarried women.

38
Q

How do sex ratios effect culture?

A

High sex ratios (more men) supports traditional, patriarchal morals. Low sex ratios support a more permissive, matriarchal society.

39
Q

Why does the sex ratio matter?

A

When sex ratios are high, men tend to want to keep the women they attract. The opposite is true in low sex ratio societies.

40
Q

What are the three attachment styles?

A

Secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.

41
Q

What is characteristic of the secure attachment style?

A

Happily bonded with others, readily developed relationships characterized by relaxed trust.

42
Q

What is characteristic of the anxious-ambivalent attachment style?

A

Becoming nervous and clingy, displaying excessive neediness in their relationships with others.

43
Q

What is characteristic of the avoidant attachment style?

A

Often suspicious of and angry at others, do not easily form trusting, close relationships.

44
Q

What is the best predictor of a child’s future attachment style?

A

Their mother’s behaviour towards their infant.

45
Q

What percentage of people are reportedly in the secure attachment category?

A

Around 60%

46
Q

What type of attachment style are anxious-ambivalent exhibitors best partnered with?

A

Those that match theirs. Anxious-ambivalent is best with another anxious-ambivalent.

47
Q

What two categories rank people on the spectrum of secure to avoidant?

A

Anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy.

48
Q

What is the standard deviation between sex differences?

A

0.8. There is a LOT of overlap.

49
Q

What is the difference between sex differences and culture differences?

A

Sex differences are biological differences, gender differences are social and psychological distinctions created by cultures and socialization.

50
Q

What proportion of people express the behaviour that is stereotypically associated with that gender?

A

Only 1/2.

51
Q

What does it mean to be androgynous?

A

To possess both sets of competencies that are stereotypically associated with being male and female.

52
Q

What are the two categories of traits?

A

Expressive and instrumental.

53
Q

What gender are expressive and instrumental traits associated with?

A

Women are thought to be expressive, men are thought to be instrumental.

54
Q

What are the 4 instrumental traits?

A

Assertiveness, self-reliance, ambition, and decisiveness.

55
Q

What are the 5 expressive traits?

A

Warmth, tenderness, compassion, kindness, and sensitivity to others.

56
Q

What is the term for people who express traits stereotypical of the opposite gender?

A

Cross-typed.

57
Q

What is the term for people who do not express any stereotypical gender traits?

A

Undifferentiated.

58
Q

Which set of traits are linked to being a better parter?

A

Expressive traits.

PSYCO 347 (7 decks)

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