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PSYCO 347 > Communication > Flashcards

Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What did Gottman discover about intentions between couples?

A

Unhappy couples and happy couples did not differ in what they intended to say to one another.

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2
Q

What are 6 components of nonverbal communication?

A

Facial expression, gazing, body movement, touch, interpersonal distance, and paralanguage.

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3
Q

What are 4 ways to modify a facial expression?

A

Intensify, minimize, neutralize, and mask.

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4
Q

What is intensifying a facial expression?

A

Exaggerating it to make it seem s though we are feeling more of the emotion than we are.

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5
Q

What is minimizing a facial expression?

A

Trying to hide a facial expression.

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6
Q

What is neutralizing a facial expression?

A

Trying not to give anything away.

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7
Q

What is masking a facial expression?

A

Replacing expressions with an entirely different emotion.

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8
Q

How much do facial expressions differ around the world?

A

They are relatively consistent, although the expressions of people from our own cultural group are more familiar.

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9
Q

What does gazing define?

A

The relationship two people share once interaction begins.

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10
Q

In ordinary conversation, around what percentage of time is spent making eye contact while listening vs. talking?

A

60% when listening, 40% when talking.

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11
Q

How do high status persons differ in their visual dominance ratio?

A

They spend more time making eye contact while they are talking.

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12
Q

What is a visual dominant ratio (VDR)?

A

The ratio that compares “look-speak” to “look-listen.”

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13
Q

Body language is said to be more what compared to facial expressions?

A

Leakier.

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14
Q

What kind of body language do high-status people have?

A

Open, asymmetrical.

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15
Q

What can touch signify?

A

It can convey closeness and affection, or an implicit signal of dominance.

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16
Q

When in a position of low status, what is thought of women who touch men?

A

They are looked down on.

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17
Q

What are the four levels of interpersonal distance?

A

Intimate, personal, social, and public.

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18
Q

How far from the person is intimate distance? What does it convey?

A

0-18”. Either conveys very loving or very hostile.

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19
Q

How far from the person is personal distance? What is it used for?

A

1.5-4’. Primarily friends.

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20
Q

How far from the person is social distance? What is it used for?

A

4-12’. Used for formal, business-like interactions.

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21
Q

How far from the person is public distance?

A

12’+

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22
Q

What is paralanguage?

A

Variations in a person’s voice other than the actual words he or she uses, such as rhythm, pitch, loudness, and rate.

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23
Q

What is motherese?

A

A paralanguage including higher pitches, enunciation, and focusing on present events.

24
Q

Who is motherese directed to towards?

A

Children, pets, the handicapped, geriatric, or sick.

25
Q

What does paralanguage help define?

A

What kind of relationship people have. Couples tend to speak to each other with different rhythms than their friends.

26
Q

What do people with appealing voices also tend to have?

A

Appealing faces.

27
Q

What happens to our modes of communication when we are enjoying a conversation?

A

We unconsciously mimic the other person’s mannerisms and paralanguage.

28
Q

What may occur when non-verbal exchanges fail?

A

There may be errors in encoding or decoding of information.

29
Q

What is an interpersonal gap?

A

When there is a misunderstanding between what was intended and what was communicated.

30
Q

What are two possible explanations for the correlation between marital satisfaction and nonverbal miscommunication?

A

Nonverbal skills determine marital satisfaction, or dissatisfaction determines how hard they work to communicate well.

31
Q

Is nonverbal sensitivity more of a skill or is it the result of motivation?

A

Motivated men and women did better than those that were not motivated.

32
Q

Compared to men/high-status individuals, how do women/low-status people act?

A

Women/low-status people smile more, have lower visual dominance ratios, have closed, symmetrical posture, touch less, have less distance, submissive paralanguage, and have more nonverbal sensitivity.

33
Q

What is self-disclosure?

A

The process of revealing personal information to someone else.

34
Q

What is the theory of social penetration?

A

The type of self-disclosure that we engage in with our partners changes over the course of a relationship. Going from superficial disclosure to deeper, wider disclosure.

35
Q

After self-disclosure, what does sustained intimacy depend on?

A

The responsiveness of partners.

36
Q

How do people want their self-disclosure to be responded to?

A

With apparent understanding, caring, support, and respect.

37
Q

What is the most taboo topic in a relationship?

A

The status of the relationship.

38
Q

What is the triangle test?

A

A secret test of one’s lover’s fidelity. Watch their lovers interact with other potential lovers and see if they get similar treatment.

39
Q

What is the separation test?

A

A secret test of one’s lover’s fidelity. One partner comes up with a reason why they must be apart and then looks to see what happens when they are united.

40
Q

How do taboo topics and relationship satisfaction correlate?

A

More taboo topics lead to more dissatisfaction.

41
Q

What may happen to the breadth of topic and intimacy when a relationship is in trouble?

A

It either decreases in both or decreases in breadth of topic only (i.e., only talking about one thing).

42
Q

Why does self-disclosure breed liking and contentment in relationships?

A

We tend to tell those we like and like those we tell. We also like those that disclose to us.

43
Q

What are the 4 areas of gender difference in verbal communication?

A

Topics of conversation, styles of conversation, self-disclosure, and instrumentality vs. expressiveness.

44
Q

What is the difference in topics of conversation between men and women?

A

Women are more likely to discuss feelings about their close relationships, men talk about actions or objects and make more jokes.

45
Q

How do men and women’s styles of conversation differ?

A

Women are more indirect and tentative; more rising inflection and questioning statements. Men’s usual style seems certain, knowledgeable, and dynamic.

46
Q

Do men or women speak more words per day?

A

They speak the same amount. Men speak for longer, but women speak more often.

47
Q

Which sex is more self-disclosing?

A

Women. Men disclose more to women, and so are more dependent on women for emotional warmth than the other way around.

48
Q

What is blirtatiousness?

A

Being able to put thoughts and feelings into words quickly.

49
Q

What are three general categories of things that unhappy couples do?

A

A poor job of saying what they mean, a poor job of hearing each other, and displaying negative affect when interacting.

50
Q

What is kitchen sinking?

A

Addressing several issues at once.

51
Q

What is yes-butting?

A

Finding something wrong or unworkable with anything their partner says.

52
Q

What is cross-complaining?

A

Responding to complaints with one of your own.

53
Q

What is stonewalling?

A

Clamming up and withdrawing into silence.

54
Q

What is destructive belligerence?

A

Where one partner aggressively rejects the other altogether.

55
Q

What is most helpful when dealing with some in the process of bereavement?

A

Provision of emotional support, opportunities for people to express their feelings, offering supportive companionship.

56
Q

What are two strategies employed in active listening?

A

Paraphrasing messages and perception checking.

PSYCO 347 (7 decks)

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