Communication

Question 1

What did Gottman discover about intentions between couples?

Answer 1

Unhappy couples and happy couples did not differ in what they intended to say to one another.

Question 2

What are 6 components of nonverbal communication?

Answer 2

Facial expression, gazing, body movement, touch, interpersonal distance, and paralanguage.

Question 3

What are 4 ways to modify a facial expression?

Answer 3

Intensify, minimize, neutralize, and mask.

Question 4

What is intensifying a facial expression?

Answer 4

Exaggerating it to make it seem s though we are feeling more of the emotion than we are.

Question 5

What is minimizing a facial expression?

Answer 5

Trying to hide a facial expression.

Question 6

What is neutralizing a facial expression?

Answer 6

Trying not to give anything away.

Question 7

What is masking a facial expression?

Answer 7

Replacing expressions with an entirely different emotion.

Question 8

How much do facial expressions differ around the world?

Answer 8

They are relatively consistent, although the expressions of people from our own cultural group are more familiar.

Question 9

What does gazing define?

Answer 9

The relationship two people share once interaction begins.

Question 10

In ordinary conversation, around what percentage of time is spent making eye contact while listening vs. talking?

Answer 10

60% when listening, 40% when talking.

Question 11

How do high status persons differ in their visual dominance ratio?

Answer 11

They spend more time making eye contact while they are talking.

Question 12

What is a visual dominant ratio (VDR)?

Answer 12

The ratio that compares “look-speak” to “look-listen.”

Question 13

Body language is said to be more what compared to facial expressions?

Answer 13

Leakier.

Question 14

What kind of body language do high-status people have?

Answer 14

Open, asymmetrical.

Question 15

What can touch signify?

Answer 15

It can convey closeness and affection, or an implicit signal of dominance.

Question 16

When in a position of low status, what is thought of women who touch men?

Answer 16

They are looked down on.

Question 17

What are the four levels of interpersonal distance?

Answer 17

Intimate, personal, social, and public.

Question 18

How far from the person is intimate distance? What does it convey?

Answer 18

0-18”. Either conveys very loving or very hostile.

Question 19

How far from the person is personal distance? What is it used for?

Answer 19

1.5-4’. Primarily friends.

Question 20

How far from the person is social distance? What is it used for?

Answer 20

4-12’. Used for formal, business-like interactions.

Question 21

How far from the person is public distance?

Answer 21

12’+

Question 22

What is paralanguage?

Answer 22

Variations in a person’s voice other than the actual words he or she uses, such as rhythm, pitch, loudness, and rate.

Question 23

What is motherese?

Answer 23

A paralanguage including higher pitches, enunciation, and focusing on present events.

Question 24

Who is motherese directed to towards?

Answer 24

Children, pets, the handicapped, geriatric, or sick.

Question 25

What does paralanguage help define?

Answer 25

What kind of relationship people have. Couples tend to speak to each other with different rhythms than their friends.

Question 26

What do people with appealing voices also tend to have?

Answer 26

Appealing faces.

Question 27

What happens to our modes of communication when we are enjoying a conversation?

Answer 27

We unconsciously mimic the other person's mannerisms and paralanguage.

Question 28

What may occur when non-verbal exchanges fail?

Answer 28

There may be errors in encoding or decoding of information.

Question 29

What is an interpersonal gap?

Answer 29

When there is a misunderstanding between what was intended and what was communicated.

Question 30

What are two possible explanations for the correlation between marital satisfaction and nonverbal miscommunication?

Answer 30

Nonverbal skills determine marital satisfaction, or dissatisfaction determines how hard they work to communicate well.

Question 31

Is nonverbal sensitivity more of a skill or is it the result of motivation?

Answer 31

Motivated men and women did better than those that were not motivated.

Question 32

Compared to men/high-status individuals, how do women/low-status people act?

Answer 32

Women/low-status people smile more, have lower visual dominance ratios, have closed, symmetrical posture, touch less, have less distance, submissive paralanguage, and have more nonverbal sensitivity.

Question 33

What is self-disclosure?

Answer 33

The process of revealing personal information to someone else.

Question 34

What is the theory of social penetration?

Answer 34

The type of self-disclosure that we engage in with our partners changes over the course of a relationship. Going from superficial disclosure to deeper, wider disclosure.

Question 35

After self-disclosure, what does sustained intimacy depend on?

Answer 35

The responsiveness of partners.

Question 36

How do people want their self-disclosure to be responded to?

Answer 36

With apparent understanding, caring, support, and respect.

Question 37

What is the most taboo topic in a relationship?

Answer 37

The status of the relationship.

Question 38

What is the triangle test?

Answer 38

A secret test of one's lover's fidelity. Watch their lovers interact with other potential lovers and see if they get similar treatment.

Question 39

What is the separation test?

Answer 39

A secret test of one's lover's fidelity. One partner comes up with a reason why they must be apart and then looks to see what happens when they are united.

Question 40

How do taboo topics and relationship satisfaction correlate?

Answer 40

More taboo topics lead to more dissatisfaction.

Question 41

What may happen to the breadth of topic and intimacy when a relationship is in trouble?

Answer 41

It either decreases in both or decreases in breadth of topic only (i.e., only talking about one thing).

Question 42

Why does self-disclosure breed liking and contentment in relationships?

Answer 42

We tend to tell those we like and like those we tell. We also like those that disclose to us.

Question 43

What are the 4 areas of gender difference in verbal communication?

Answer 43

Topics of conversation, styles of conversation, self-disclosure, and instrumentality vs. expressiveness.

Question 44

What is the difference in topics of conversation between men and women?

Answer 44

Women are more likely to discuss feelings about their close relationships, men talk about actions or objects and make more jokes.

Question 45

How do men and women's styles of conversation differ?

Answer 45

Women are more indirect and tentative; more rising inflection and questioning statements. Men's usual style seems certain, knowledgeable, and dynamic.

Question 46

Do men or women speak more words per day?

Answer 46

They speak the same amount. Men speak for longer, but women speak more often.

Question 47

Which sex is more self-disclosing?

Answer 47

Women. Men disclose more to women, and so are more dependent on women for emotional warmth than the other way around.

Question 48

What is blirtatiousness?

Answer 48

Being able to put thoughts and feelings into words quickly.

Question 49

What are three general categories of things that unhappy couples do?

Answer 49

A poor job of saying what they mean, a poor job of hearing each other, and displaying negative affect when interacting.

Question 50

What is kitchen sinking?

Answer 50

Addressing several issues at once.

Question 51

What is yes-butting?

Answer 51

Finding something wrong or unworkable with anything their partner says.

Question 52

What is cross-complaining?

Answer 52

Responding to complaints with one of your own.

Question 53

What is stonewalling?

Answer 53

Clamming up and withdrawing into silence.

Question 54

What is destructive belligerence?

Answer 54

Where one partner aggressively rejects the other altogether.

Question 55

What is most helpful when dealing with some in the process of bereavement?

Answer 55

Provision of emotional support, opportunities for people to express their feelings, offering supportive companionship.

Question 56

What are two strategies employed in active listening?

Answer 56

Paraphrasing messages and perception checking.