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PSYCO 347 > Interdependency > Flashcards

Interdependency Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most well known and often used exchange theory?

A

Thibaut and Kelley’s interdependence theory.

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2
Q

What is interdependency theory?

A

We seek interactions with others that provide maximum reward at minimum cost, and we only stay with those partners who provide sufficient profit.

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3
Q

What is a reward?

A

Anything within an interaction that is desirable and welcome and that brings enjoyment or fulfillment to the recipient.

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4
Q

What are costs?

A

Consequences of interaction that are frustrating or distressing.

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5
Q

What is the outcome?

A

The net profit or loss a person encounters.

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6
Q

What does interdependency theory assume?

A

That we all have idiosyncratic comparison levels.

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7
Q

What is a comparison level (CL)?

A

The value of the outcomes that we believe we deserve in our dealings with others.

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8
Q

What are comparison levels based on?

A

Past experiences.

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9
Q

What is a comparison level for alternatives (CL alt)?

A

Describes the outcomes we can receive by leaving our current relationships and moving to the best alternative partnerships or situations we have available.

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10
Q

How does one calculate CL alt?

A

It is the net profit or loss that a person believes will result from switching partners, all things considered.

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11
Q

What is considered when calculating CL alt?

A

The desirability of other alternatives and the investments in the present relationship.

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12
Q

What three factors affect the perceptions of alternatives?

A

Self-esteem, learned helplessness, access to information, and attention.

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13
Q

How does self-esteem affect perceptions of alternatives?

A

People with low self-esteem think less of their prospects with other partners.

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14
Q

How does access to information affect perceptions of alternatives?

A

Not knowing what else is out there could lower one’s idea of other prospects.

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15
Q

How does attention affect perceptions of alternatives?

A

It one is content with their current partner, they may not pay attention to other prospects.

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16
Q

When does one make the decision to leave?

A

When their CL alts exceed their current outcomes.

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of relationships in interdependence theory?

A

Happy-stable, happy-unstable, unhappy-stable, and unhappy-unstable.

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18
Q

When is a relationship happy and stable?

A

When current outcomes exceed both CL and CL alt.

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19
Q

When is a relationship happy and unstable?

A

When alternatives exceed current outcomes, but current outcomes still exceed comparison levels. (Happy with job, but offered a better one).

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20
Q

When is a relationship unhappy and stable?

A

When comparison levels exceed current outcomes, but current outcomes still exceed alternatives.

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21
Q

When is a relationship unhappy and unstable?

A

When CL and CL alt are both exceeding current outcomes.

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22
Q

Where does satisfaction result from?

A

The discrepancy between people’s CLs and the outcomes they receive.

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23
Q

What are 4 cultural changes that affect CL alts?

A

Women’s increased participation in the workforce, people’s increased mobility, barriers against divorce eroding, and costs of departing a marriage declining.

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24
Q

What effect can too specific a focus on rewards and costs have on a relationship?

A

A negative effect, causing us to overlook important influences that can make or break a partnership.

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25
Q

What are 4 costs of long-term intimacy?

A

Annoyance, hassles, frustration, and disagreements.

26
Q

What percentage of students reported being annoyed with their partner each day?

A

44%

27
Q

How does intimacy affect unpleasantness?

A

It seems to give people permission to be impolite instead of courteous and considerate.

28
Q

What has a greater impact? Losses or gains?

A

Losses; we like gains but we really hate losses.

29
Q

What reward to cost ratio is preferable for couples to maintain a low risk of divorce?

A

5:1

30
Q

What were the results of the study Gottman and Levenson conducted on a single conversation as a predictor of divorce?

A

Couples at low risk for divorce increased warmth and understanding over the course of a conversation, and only 20% were divorced 4 years later. High risk couples became less and less warm/understanding over the conversation, and over half were divorced 4 years later.

31
Q

What percentage of partners missed things that their partners claimed they did for them?

A

25%

32
Q

What percentage of happily married couples reported having sex more than arguing?

A

93%

33
Q

What are the gender differences in relationship rewards? (Wills, Weiss, & Patterson)

A

Wives appreciated affectionate behaviour, husbands appreciated task-oriented help.

34
Q

What is approach motivation?

A

Our desire to obtain positive outcomes; our appetite for desirable experiences.

35
Q

What is an avoidance goal?

A

Our desire to avoid negative consequences.

36
Q

What does the independent operation of approach and avoidance motivations mean?

A

Being happy may involve different strategies than those that are involved in not being unhappy.

37
Q

What is the self-expansion model? (Aron & Aron, 2000)

A

We are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of our interests, skills, and experiences.

38
Q

According to the self-expansion model, what is the key to being happy?

A

Finding creative ways to continue personal growth.

39
Q

What is the general trend in satisfaction as a relationship progresses?

A

Satisfaction increases, then may level off as they work through problems, then increases as they get used to the relationship and interdependency.

40
Q

What is the relationship turbulence model?

A

When intimacy levels are low at the beginning of the relationship, then as intimacy increases people may start to feel turmoil, then once the relationship becomes committed the worries go away.

41
Q

How do initial grievances play into divorces?

A

Any grievances at the outset of a relationship were in the list of reasons for divorce.

42
Q

What are 4 reasons that outcomes fall?

A

Being polite and thoughtful takes work, interdependency magnifies conflict, intimacy means knowing the other’s foibles, and there are always surprises.

43
Q

How do expectations of marriage affect marital longevity/satisfaction?

A

Those with the highest expectations of marriage were the least happy.

44
Q

What are exchange relationships?

A

Relationships that focus on being equitably rewarded. Tit for tat is important.

45
Q

What are communal relationships?

A

Relationships that involve being magnanimous and working together. Less emphasis on equally sharing the rewards.

46
Q

How do exchange principles (tit for tat) apply in communal relationships?

A

They still take place, but it involves more diverse rewards over a long stretch of time.

47
Q

When do communal relationship partners pay more attention to the processes of exchange?

A

When they are dissatisfied.

48
Q

What is equity theory?

A

People are most satisfied in relationships in which there is proportional justice; meaning each partner gains benefits from the relationship that are proportional to his/her contributions.

49
Q

What are the three courses of action to restore equity in a relationship?

A

Change your or your partner’s contributions, change your perceptions and convince yourself it is equitable, or abandon the relationship.

50
Q

How do overbenefited partners feel?

A

Less confident and maybe guilty.

51
Q

How do underbenefited partners feel?

A

Angry or resentful.

52
Q

What is more important, outcome or equity?

A

The outcome level is more important than being equitable.

53
Q

What are Arriaga and Agnew’s three themes of commitment?

A

Psychological attachment, long-term views, and expectations for a continuing relationship.

54
Q

What does the investment model posit?

A

Commitment is influenced by satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size.

55
Q

How are the three influences of the investment model correlated with commitment?

A

Satisfaction: positively. Quality of alternatives: inversely. Investment size: positively.

56
Q

How does the investment model differ from the other models of commitment?

A

The investment model views commitment as unitary.

57
Q

What are Johnson’s three types of commitment?

A

Personal, constraint, and moral.

58
Q

What is personal commitment?

A

Occurs when people want to continue a relationship because they are attracted to their partners and the relationship is satisfying.

59
Q

What is constraint commitment?

A

Occurs when people feel they have to continue a relationship because it would be too costly to leave.

60
Q

What is moral commitment?

A

Derives from a sense of moral obligation to one’s partner or one’s relationship. Driven by guilt for what one is responsible for.

61
Q

What does a long-term orientation characteristic of commitment do?

A

It reduces tha pain tha would otherwise accompany rough spots in a relationship, shift thinking to partners as a single entity, and protect and maintain a relationship.

PSYCO 347 (7 decks)

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