Intro to Pulm- Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
The conducting zone begins with the _ and ends with the _
A
The conducting zone begins with the trachea and ends with the terminal bronchioles
2
Q
The respiratory zone begins with the _ and ends with the _
A
The respiratory zone begins with the respiratory bronchioles and ends with the alveolar sacs
3
Q
The components of the thoracic skeleton include:
A
The components of the thoracic skeleton include:
1. Sternum
2. Twelve ribs, costal cartilages
3. Twelve thoracic vertebrae and IV discs
4
Q
The sternum is composed of three parts the _ , _ , and _
A
The sternum is composed of three parts the manubrium , body , and xiphoid process
5
Q
The _ is the articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
A
The Sternal angle (Angle of Louis ) is the articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
6
Q
The sternal angle marks the location of the _ rib/ costal cartilage
A
The sternal angle marks the location of the 2nd rib/ costal cartilage
7
Q
The Angle of Louis is an important landmark because the _ sits just posterior to the sternal angle
A
The Angle of Louis is an important landmark because the aortic arch sits just posterior to the sternal angle
8
Q
What is the main function of the ribs?
A
The function of the ribs is to provide protection and assist with respiration
9
Q
True ribs are ribs that _
A
True ribs are ribs that articulate directly with the sternum via their own costal cartilage
* Ribs 1-7
10
Q
False ribs are ribs that _
A
False ribs are ribs that indirectly articulate with the sternum via costal cartilage of the superior rib
* Ribs 8-10
11
Q
Floating ribs are ribs that _
A
Floating ribs are ribs that do not articulate with the sternum and end in the posterior abdominal wall
* 11 and 12
12
Q
What is the costal groove?
A
The costal groove is a shallow groove located inferiorly for the passage of neurovascular structures
1. Intercostal vein
2. Intercostal artery
3. Intercostal nerve
13
Q
The most common site of rib fracture is at the (head / costal angle / shaft)
A
The most common site of rib fracture is at the shaft at the costal groove
* Vein, artery, nerve run here so rib fractures can cause some bleeding
14
Q
External intercostal muscles run in _ direction
A
External intercostal muscles run inferomedially
* They assist with inspiration
15
Q
Internal intercostal muscles run in _ direction
A
Internal intercostal muscles run “down and out” (laterally)
* They assist with forced expiration
16
Q
(Internal/ external) intercostals run at about 90 degree angle from the ribs
A
Internal intercostals run at about 90 degree angle from the ribs
17
Q
Intercostal muscles are innervated by _
A
Intercostal muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves that course in the costal grooves
18
Q
The diaphragm, the chief muscle of respiration is innervated by the _ nerves
A
The diaphragm, the chief muscle of respiration is innervated by the phrenic nerves
19
Q
” _ , _ , _ keeps the diaphragm alive”
A
“C3 , C4 , C5 keeps the diaphragm alive”
20
Q
The phrenic nerve provides motor function to the _
A
The phrenic nerve provides motor function to the diaphragm
21
Q
The phrenic nerve provides sensory innervation to the _
A
The phrenic nerve provides motor function to the innervates the central part of the diaphragm, the fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura
22
Q
Pain from the diaphragm often refers to the _ area
A
Pain from the diaphragm often refers to the shoulder area (dermatomes C3, C4, C5)
23
Q
The diaphragm muscle originates around the periphery and converges onto the aponeurotic _
A
The diaphragm muscle originates around the periphery and converges onto the aponeurotic central tendon of the diaphragm
24
Q
The crura of the diaphragm are musculotendinous bundles that arise from _ vertebrae
A
The crura of the diaphragm are musculotendinous bundles that arise from L1-L4
25
There are several apertures (holes) in the diaphragm that allow important structures to pass like _
There are several apertures (holes) in the diaphragm that allow important structures to pass like the **IVC, esophagus, aorta**
26
The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at the _ aperture; at vertebral level _
The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at the **caval opening**; at vertebral level **T8**
27
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the _ aperture; at vertebral level _
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the **esophageal hiatus**; at vertebral level **T10**
28
The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the _ aperture; at vertebral level _
The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the **aortic hiatus**; at vertebral level **T12**
29
The vagus nerve passes through the diaphragm at the _ aperture along with the _
The vagus nerve passes through the diaphragm at the **esophageal hiatus** aperture along with the **esophagus** (T10 level)
30
Of the structures that pass through the diaphragm, _ actually runs behind it and is not affected by movement of the diaphragm
Of the structures that pass through the diaphragm, the **aorta** actually runs *behind it* and is not affected by movement of the diaphragm
31
The diaphragm becomes more "dome-shaped" on (inspiration/ expiration)
The diaphragm becomes more "dome-shaped" on **expiration**
32
The visceral layer of the lung pleura adheres to the _
The visceral layer of the lung pleura adheres to the **surface of the lung** and extends into the lung fissures
33
The parietal layer of the lung pleura lines the _
The parietal layer of the lung pleura lines the **thoracic cavity, superior diaphragm, mediastinum**
34
The parietal pleura of the lungs involves 4 "regions"
1. Costal portion
2. Cervical portion
3. Diaphragmatic portion
4. Mediastinal portion
35
The visceral and parietal layers of the lung pleura are continuous with one another at the _
The visceral and parietal layers of the lung pleura are continuous with one another at the **root of the lung**
* The pleural cavity is the space between the two layers of the lung (acts like a vacuum)
36
The pleural cavity is a *potential space* that is filled with a thin layer of _ that serves to _
The pleural cavity is a *potential space* that is filled with a thin layer of **serous fluid** that serves to **lubricate and decrease surface tension**
37
The (visceral/ parietal) pleura is innervated by somatic sensory nerves
The **parietal** pleura is innervated by somatic sensory nerves
* Ex: intercostal nerves
* It is very sensitive to pain
* Pleuritic chest pain is really from the parietal pleura
38
The visceral pleura is innervated by _ nerves and is relatively (sensitive/ insensitive) to pain
The visceral pleura is innervated by **visceral sensory nerves** and is relatively **insensitive** to pain
39
The lung has two recesses _ and _ that accommodate the explansion of the lung during inspiration
The lung has two recesses **costodiaphragmatic recess** and **costomediamediastinal recess** that accommodate the explansion of the lung during inspiration
* The lung and its visceral pleura are somewhat smaller than the wall of the pulmonary cavity and its parietal layer
40
The _ recess is the location where the diaphragmatic pleura meets the costal pleura
The **costodiaphragmatic recess** is the location where the diaphragmatic pleura meets the costal pleura
41
The costomediastinal recess forms between the _ and _
The *costomediastinal recess* forms between the **pericardial sac** and **sternum**
42
The _ is the lowest, most dependent position in the pleural cavity; fluid tends to accumulate here
The **costodiaphragmatic recess** is the lowest, most dependent position in the pleural cavity; fluid tends to accumulate here
43
The distal end of the trachea, called the _ , branches into right and left primary bronchi
The distal end of the trachea, called the **carina** , branches into right and left primary bronchi
44
The (right/left) bronchi is wider and more vertical
The **right** bronchi is *wider* and more *vertical*
* This is why foreign objects tend to obstruct the right lung
45
The primary bronchi continue to divide and branch into the _
The primary bronchi continue to divide and branch into the **bronchial tree**
46
We call the secondary bronchi the _ bronchi
We call the secondary bronchi the **lobar bronchi**
* Because each lobar bronchi enters a specific lobe of the respective lung
47
We call tertiary bronchi the _ bronchi
We call tertiary bronchi the **segmental bronchi**
* Each segmental bronchi branches off the lobar and enters a bronchopulmonary segment
48
The right lung has _ lobar bronchi and the left lung has _
The right lung has **three** lobar bronchi and the left lung has **two**
49
(True/ False) All bronchi have cartilage
True; All bronchi have cartilage
* Helps to maintain patency
50
The smallest bronchi give rise to _ which *do not have cartilage*
The smallest bronchi give rise to **bronchioles** which *do not have cartilage*
* Bronchioles are held open by the elasticity of the lung tissue
51
_ represent the last branch of the conducting system
**Terminal bronchioles** represent the last branch of the conducting system
* These give rise to the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli where the gas exchange occurs
52
Gas exchange occurs in the _
Gas exchange occurs in the **respiratory bronchioles and alveoli**
53
The lung is subdivided into discrete pyramidal-shaped units called _ that function independently as respiratory units
The lung is subdivided into discrete pyramidal-shaped units called **bronchopulmonary segments** that function independently as respiratory units
54
There are _ bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and _ in the left lung
There are **10** bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and **8** in the left lung
55
Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied independently by a _ bronchus
Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied independently by a **segmental bronchus**
* Each is also supplied by a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery
56
Each lung recieves _ pulmonary artery and returns blood via _ pulmonary veins
Each lung recieves **one** pulmonary artery and returns blood via **two** pulmonary veins (superior and inferior)
57
The _ arteries are the ones that actually vascularize the tissues of the lung; they arise off of the thoracic aorta
The **bronchial arteries** are the ones that actually vascularize the tissues of the lung; they arise off of the thoracic aorta
* They follow the bronchi into the lung tissue
58
The mediastinal surface of each lung contains a _ region where vessels, nerves, and bronchi transverse
The mediastinal surface of each lung contains a **hilum** region where vessels, nerves, and bronchi transverse
* Specifically: *pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, primary bronchus, hilary lymph nodes, bronchial vessels, autonomic nerves*
59
The lungs and the bronchial tree *receive* innervation via the _
The lungs and the bronchial tree *receive* innervation via the **pulmonary plexus** (combination of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves)
60
The parasympathetic nerves originate at the _ and travel via the _ nerve to the pulmonary plexus
The parasympathetic nerves originate at the **medulla** and travel via the **vagus nerve** to the pulmonary plexus
61
The sympathetic nerves originate in the _ and travel to the pulmonary plexus to cause:
The sympathetic nerves originate in the **upper thoracic spinal cord segments** and travel to the pulmonary plexus to cause: **bronchodilation, inhibit glandular secretion, vasoconstriction**
62
Moving down the respiratory tract, histology findings _ , _ , _ , and _ tend to decrease
Moving down the respiratory tract, **cartilage** , **glands** , **ciliated cells** , and **goblet cells** tend to decrease
63
Moving down the respiratory tract, the amount of _ increases
Moving down the respiratory tract, the amount of **smooth muscle** increases
64
Describe the 4 epithelium transitions down the respiratory tract
1. Pseudostratified columnar
2. Simple columnar
3. Simple cuboidal
4. Simple squamous
65
What type of epithelium is this?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
66
What is the function of these cells?
Goblet cells: **secrete mucus precursor droplets into epithelial surface to trap inhaled particles**
67
What is this structure?
Bronchus
* We see goblet cells, respiratory epithelium
* Smooth muscle
* Discontinuous cartilage
68
What is the function of this structure?
Terminal bronchiole: **conducts air**
* We see simple columnar epithelium
* Smooth muscle
* No cartilage
* Alveoli can be seen
69
What is the function of this cell?
**Dust cell**: removes inhaled dust and bacteria by phagocytosis
* We are in the respiratory bronchiole
70
What is the structure?
Alveolus
71
72
How many cell membranes does CO2 molecule have to travel from hemoglobin in the RBC to the alveolus for exhalation?
1. Erythrocyte membrane
2. Endothelial cell membrane
3. Across the basement membrane
4. Across the basement membrane
4. Across the type I pneumocyte
73
What is the purpose of the cell shown?
**Type II pneumocyte**
* Synthesizes pulmonary surfactant
* Divides and regenerates type I and II pneumocytes
* Contains lamellar bodies
* Is located at septal intersections (corners)
74
Central chemoreceptors respond only to changes in _
Central chemoreceptors respond only to changes in **CO2 (indirectly)**
75
The alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is _ in a healthy lung
The alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is **0 cmH2O** in a healthy lung
76
In healthy lungs, intrapleural pressure is always _
In healthy lungs, intrapleural pressure is always **negative**
77
In healthy lungs, transpulmonary pressure is always _
In healthy lungs, transpulmonary pressure is always **positive**
78
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?
Intrapleural pressure is **no longer negative**
* Transpulmonary pressure becomes negative --> collapses lung
79
Minute ventilation equation
VE = Tidal volume (Vt) x Respiratory rate (RR)
80
Alveolar ventilation equation
Va = (Vt - dead space ventilation) x Respiratory rate
81
Anatomic dead space is _
Anatomic dead space is **portion of minute ventilation that fills conducting airways where gas exchange cannot occur**
82
Alveolar dead space is _
Alveolar dead space is **portion of minute ventilation that fills alveoli with insufficient blood flow**
* This is usually minimal in healthy lungs
83
_ is the sum of anatomic and alveolar dead space
**Physiologic dead space** is the sum of anatomic and alveolar dead space
84
_ law of partial pressures say that the total pressure of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas
**Dalton's law** of partial pressures say that the total pressure of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas
85
What is the diffusion path for O2?
1) liquid/surfactant
2) epithelium
3) lung interstitium
4) endothelium
5) blood plasma
6) erythrocyte plasma
membrane
7) chemical combination
w/ hemoglobin
86
Diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane is proportional to _ and inversely proportional to _
Diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane is proportional to **surface area, pressure gradient, permeability** and inversely proportional to **barrier thickness**
87
According to LaPlace, the pressure inside (smaller/ larger) bubbles must be greater than the pressure in larger bubbles to support the higher surface tension
According to LaPlace, the pressure inside **smaller** bubbles must be greater than the pressure in larger bubbles to support the higher surface tension
88
Due to the higher pressure inside a smaller alveolus, smaller alveoli have the tendency to collapse into larger ones --> this is bad because it _
Due to the higher pressure inside a smaller alveolus, smaller alveoli have the tendency to collapse into larger ones --> this is bad because it **decreases surface area available for gas exchange**
* Prevent this from happening with surfactant
89
_ makes it possible for alveoli of different radii to coexist and be stable at low lung volumes
**Surfactant** makes it possible for alveoli of different radii to coexist and be stable at low lung volumes
* Made by type II alveolar cells
* Lines the liquid interface
* Reduces the surface tension
90
What happens to babies with surfactant deficient lungs?
Their lungs are difficult to inflate and tend to collapse at end-expiration
91
Rank the partial pressure of oxygen along its path from the air --> tissues
Atmosphere
Alveoli
Arterial blood
Systemic capillary
Mitochondria
92
Alveolar gas equation
93
In healthy lungs, a normal A-a difference is _
In healthy lungs, a normal A-a difference is **10-20 mmHg**
94
95
Airflow equation
Q = ∆P / R
*However, resistance depends on flow pattern and radius which is not constant*
96
Airflow in a tube (like the lungs) will be fastest in the _
Airflow in a tube (like the lungs) will be fastest in the **center**
* The interaction of gas with the tube wall consumes energy and decreases speed
97
If you double the pressure gradient, airflow rate should also double in _ flow
If you double the pressure gradient, airflow rate should also double in **laminar flow**
* Flow rate will be less than doubled in turbulent airflow
98
In the lungs, airflow is turbulent in the _
In the lungs, airflow is turbulent in the **trachea + mainstem bronchi**
99
In the lungs, airflow is laminar in the _
In the lungs, airflow is laminar in the **small airways**
* As the aggregate cross-sectional area increases flow velocity decreases to the point of becoming very slow in the distal lung
100
In most of the bronchial tree of the lungs, airflow is _
In most of the bronchial tree of the lungs, airflow is **"transitional"**
* This is mixed flow- an intermediate state with elements of both laminar and turbulent flow
101
The most important parameter for determing air flow is _ according to Pousielle's law
The most important parameter for determing air flow is **radius** according to Pousielle's law
* Resistance is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the radius
102
Airway resistance (increase/ decreases) as you go distally in the lung towards the alveoli
Airway resistance **decreases** as you go distally in the lung towards the alveoli
* Due to the increase in the aggregate cross-sectional airway
* In healthy lungs, small airways only contribute slightly to the overall lung resistance; this is a "silent zone"
103
Resistance to airflow is dynamic; as expiration proceeds, resistance _ and as inspiration proceeds, resistance _
Resistance to airflow is dynamic; as expiration proceeds, resistance **increases** and as inspiration proceeds, resistance **decreases**
* This has to do with the change in lung volume
104
_ is the change in lung volume for a given change in pressure
**Compliance** is the change in lung volume for a given change in pressure
* It is related to elastic recoil and surface tension
105
Lung compliance is determined by _ and _
Lung compliance is determined by **elastic recoil** and **surface tension**
* Both elastic recoil and surface tension are collapsing forces
106
A large change in volume with a small change in pressure is (high/ low) compliance
A large change in volume with a small change in pressure is **high compliance**
* A highly compliant lung is floppy and expands easily
107
A small change in volume with a large change in pressure is (high/ low) compliance
A small change in volume with a large change in pressure is **low compliance**
* A lung with high elastance is stiff and takes more work to expand
108
The pressure-volume relationship (compliance) is different for inspiration and expiration; this describes _
The pressure-volume relationship (compliance) is different for inspiration and expiration; this describes **hysteresis**
* Compliance is higher during expiration
109
Complaince is _ during expiration than inspiration due to _
Complaince is **higher** during expiration than inspiration due to **surface tension at the liquid-air interface**
110
A saline filled alveolus does not experience hysteresis because _
A saline filled alveolus does not experience hysteresis because **saline removes surface tension**
* No air-water interactions, only water-water
111
Draw pressure-volume loop of emphysema
112
Draw pressure-volume loop of fibrosis
113
The pulmonary circulation handles the same volume of blood as the systemic circulation; but at a (lower/higher) pressure
The pulmonary circulation handles the same volume of blood as the systemic circulation; but at a **lower** pressure
* Blood does not have to go as far so it stays at a low pressure
* Low pressure also helps prevent fluid extravasation
114
The pulmonary arterioles have _ smooth muscle, _ resistance and _ compliance
The pulmonary arterioles have **little** smooth muscle, **low** resistance and **high** compliance
* There are numerous pulmonary arterioles; they are short, thin, and lack auto-regulation
115
The pulmonary capillaries are not buffered from the arterial pressure; they are highly compliant and also uniquely susceptible to _
The pulmonary capillaries are not buffered from the arterial pressure; they are highly compliant and also uniquely susceptible to **alveolar air pressure**
116
Pulmonary arterioles _ in response to low alveolar PO2
Pulmonary arterioles **vasoconstrict** in response to low alveolar PO2
* Also in response to pH and circulating mediators
* This is an attempt to decrease blood flow to match the decreased O2 in the alveoli
* Preserves V/Q matching
117
Hypoxia may constrict the pulmonary vasculature by _ the K+ channels
Hypoxia may constrict the pulmonary vasculature by **closing** the K+ channels --> depolarizes the membrane --> opens Ca2+ channels --> constriction
118
Lung volumes affect PVR; at low lung volume pulmonary vascular resistance is _ ; at high lung volumes the PVR is _
Lung volumes affect PVR; at low lung volume pulmonary vascular resistance is **increased by the collapsed lung** ; at high lung volumes the PVR is **increased by the inflated lungs compressing the vessels**
119
At low lung volumes, we get compression of _
At low lung volumes, we get compression of **larger vessels**
120
At high lung volumes, we get compression of _
At high lung volumes, we get compression of **smaller vessels**
121
Ventilation (flow of air per minute) is driven by _
Ventilation (flow of air per minute) is driven by **the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure**
122
Perfusion (flow of blood per minute) is determined by _
Perfusion (flow of blood per minute) is determined by **pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary venous pressure, and alveolar pressure**
* Alveolar pressure is a factor because alveoli can expand and compress vessels
123
An expanded alveolus with low ventilation and perfusion is found in _ zone of the lung
An expanded alveolus with low ventilation and perfusion is found in **Zone 1 (apex)** of the lung
124
A normal sized alevolus with moderate ventilation and perfusion is found in _ zone of the lung
A normal sized alevolus with moderate ventilation and perfusion is found in **Zone 2 (middle)** of the lung
125
A small alveolus with high ventilation and perfusion is found in _ zone of the lung
A small alveolus with high ventilation and perfusion is found in **Zone 3 (base)** of the lung
126
The highest V/Q ratio is found in _ zone of the lung
The highest V/Q ratio is found in **zone 1 (apex)** of the lung
127
The lowest V/Q ratio is found in _ zone of the lung
The lowest V/Q ratio is found in **Zone 3 (base)** of the lung
128
Relatively more air goes to the _ region of the lung due to _
Relatively more air goes to the **base** of the lung due to **gravity**
129
Alveoli at the _ of the lung are most compliant
Alveoli at the **base** of the lung are most compliant
* They are smaller and more compliant
* Alevoli at the apex, on the other hand, are already distended and so less compliant
130
The alveoli at the apex of the lung are held open by _
The alveoli at the apex of the lung are held open by **the more negative intrapleural pressure**
131
Rank the alveolar, arterial, and venous pressure in zone 1
PA > Pa > Pv
132
Rank the alveolar, arterial, and venous pressure in zone 2
Pa > PA > Pv
133
Rank the alveolar, arterial, and venous pressure in zone 3
Pa > Pv > PA
134
V/Q > 1 in _ zone of the lung
V/Q > 1 in **zone 1** of the lung
135
V/Q = 1 in _ zone of the lung
V/Q = 1 in **zone 2** of the lung
136
V/Q < 1 in _ zone of the lung
V/Q < 1 in **zone 3** of the lung
137
Hypoxia is defined as oxygen < _ mm Hg
Hypoxia is defined as oxygen < **60** mm Hg
138
Hypercarbia is defined as CO2 > _ mm Hg
Hypercarbia is defined as CO2 > **45** mm Hg
139
5 causes of hypoxemia
1. Low FiO2
2. Hypoventilation
3. Diffusion deficit
4. Shunting
5. Dead space
140
Atelectasis is an example of (shunt/dead space)
Atelectasis is an example of **shunt**
141
Edema is an example of (shunt/dead space)
Edema is an example of **shunt**
142
Pulmonary bullae is an example of (shunt/dead space)
Pulmonary bullae is an example of **dead space**
143
Pulmonary embolism is an example of (shunt/dead space)
Pulmonary embolism is an example of **dead space**
144
_ is a cause of hypoxemia that does not respond well to supplemental oxygen
**Shunting** is a cause of hypoxemia that does not respond well to supplemental oxygen
145
Pneumonia is an example of (shunt/dead space)
Pneumonia is an example of **shunting**
146
Individuals with diffusion deficits tend to decompensate very quickly with exertion due to _
Individuals with diffusion deficits tend to decompensate very quickly with exertion due to **slow diffusion**
147
Our normal response to hypercapnia is to _ ; however, this sometimes fails due to _
Our normal response to hypercapnia is to **increase minute ventilation** ; however, this sometimes fails due to *blunted response to PaCO2 overtime, respiratory muscle fatigue, shallow breaths*
148
TV
149
IRV, ERV
150
RV
151
Inspiratory capacity
152
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
153
Vital capacity
154
TLC
155
Draw volume-time spirometry curve
156
Draw flow-volume loop
157
In order to determine the functional residual capacity of the lungs we can use _ or _ tests
In order to determine the functional residual capacity of the lungs we can use **Gas dilution tests** or **body plethysmography**
158
The diffusing capacity of the lungs is measured using _ gas due to its _ affinity for Hb
The diffusing capacity of the lungs is measured using **carbon monoxide** gas due to its **high** affinity for Hb
159
DLCO will be _ in anemia
DLCO will be **artificially low** in anemia; this is low hemoglobin
160
DLCO will be _ in pulmonary hemorrhage
DLCO will be **artifically high** in pulmonary hemorrhage; there is too much hemoglobin
161
Intrinsic restrictive lung diseases are those that impair the _
Intrinsic restrictive lung diseases are those that impair the **lung parenchyma**
162
Extrinsic restrictive lung diseases are those that impair the _
Extrinsic restrictive lung diseases are those that impair the **chest wall/ abdomen or neuromuscular system**
163
Abnormalities of the chest wall that might cause restrictive lung disease include _
Abnormalities of the chest wall that might cause restrictive lung disease include **fibrothorax, kyphoscoliosis, morbid obesity**
164
Myasthenia gravis and polio might cause restrictive lung disease via _
Myasthenia gravis and polio might cause restrictive lung disease via **weakness of the respiratory muscles**
165
Obstructive lung diseases can have air-trapping that causes vital capacity to (increase/ decrease)
Obstructive lung diseases can have air-trapping that causes vital capacity to **decrease**
* Since residual volume increases, VC decreases
