GI Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
The GI organs reside in the _ cavity which is lined with _
A
The GI organs reside in the abdominopelvic cavity which is lined with peritoneum
2
Q
The peritoneum is a thin, transparent _ membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
A
The peritoneum is a thin, transparent serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
* Continuous layer of peritoneum seen in sagittal section
3
Q
The parietal layer of the peritoneum is found _
A
The parietal layer of the peritoneum is found lining the inside of the body wall
4
Q
The visceral layer of the peritoneum is found _
A
The visceral layer of the peritoneum is found adhered to the surface of the organs
5
Q
The peritoneal cavity is the space between the two layers of peritoneum; it contains a thin film of serous fluid that has _ function
A
The peritoneal cavity is the space between the two layers of peritoneum; it contains a thin film of serous fluid that facilitates movement of the organs during digestion and respiration
* Provides a protective function
* Also helps us classify organs (intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal)
6
Q
The peritoneal cavity is divided into two spaces; _ and _
A
The peritoneal cavity is divided into two spaces; greater sac and lesser sac
* The greater sac includes the vast majority of the peritoneal cavity
7
Q
The lesser sac is a small extension of the peritoneal cavity found _
A
The lesser sac is a small extension of the peritoneal cavity found posterior to the stomach
* Also called the “omental bursa”
8
Q
The entrance to the lesser sac is through a small opening referred to as the _
A
The entrance to the lesser sac is through a small opening referred to as the epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)
9
Q
The _ peritoneum forms important support structures like mesentaries, omenta, and peritoneal ligaments
A
The visceral peritoneum forms important support structures like mesentaries, omenta, and peritoneal ligaments
* These are collectively called peritoneal reflections
10
Q
_ is a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects the stomach and proximal duodenum to another organ
A
Omentum is a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects the stomach and proximal duodenum to another organ
11
Q
The greater omentum is an apron-like peritoneum that originates from the _ and drapes over the _
A
The greater omentum is an apron-like peritoneum that originates from the greater curvature of the stomach/ proximal duodenum and drapes over the small intestines
12
Q
The lesser omentum originates from the _ and attaches to the _
A
The lesser omentum originates from the lesser curve of the stomach and attaches to the liver
13
Q
The lesser omentum encompasses two important ligaments _ and _
A
The lesser omentum encompasses two important ligaments, the hepatogastric ligament (1) and hepatoduodenal ligament (2)
14
Q
The portal triad is found beneath the _ ligament
A
The portal triad is found beneath the hepatoduodenal ligament
15
Q
The portal triad includes:
A
The portal triad includes:
1. Portal vein
2. Proper hepatic artery
3. Common bile duct
16
Q
(Mesentery/ Omentum) is a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organs to the posterior abdominal wall AND transmits blood vessels and nerves
A
Mesentery is a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organs to the posterior abdominal wall AND transmits blood vessels and nerves
17
Q
Name the three major mesenteries of the gut
A
- Mesentery (proper) of the small intestines
- Transverse mesocolon
- Sigmoid mesocolon
18
Q
The mesentery of the small intestines has a fan shape and connects the _ and _ to the posterior abdominal wall
A
The mesentery of the small intestines has a fan shape and connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall
19
Q
The mesentery that connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall is called the _
A
The mesentery that connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall is called the transverse mesocolon
20
Q
The mesentery that connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall is called the _
A
The mesentery that connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall is called the sigmoid mesocolon
21
Q
The _ ligament anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
A
The falciform ligament anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
22
Q
The _ ligament connects the fetal umbilical vein within the falciform ligament
A
The round ligament connects the fetal umbilical vein within the falciform ligament
23
Q
The round ligament is also called the _
A
The round ligament is also called the ligamentum teres
24
Q
The _ ligaments extend from the liver to the diaphragm
A
The coronary ligaments extend from the liver to the diaphragm
25
The connection of the greater omentum to the spleen is called the _ portion
The connection of the greater omentum to the spleen is called the **gastrosplenic** (portion of the greater omentum)
26
The connection of the greater omentum to the diaphragm is called the _
The connection of the greater omentum to the diaphragm is called the **gastrophrenic**
27
The connection of the greater omentum to the transverse colon is called the _
The connection of the greater omentum to the transverse colon is called the **gastrocolic**
28
The peritoneum that spans from the spleen to the kidney is called the _
The peritoneum that spans from the spleen to the kidney is called the **splenorenal**
29
Most of our GI organs are (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
Most of our GI organs are **intraperitoneal** meaning they are completely surrounded by the visceral peritoneum
30
Name the retroperitoneal organs
SAID PUCKER
* Suprarenal glands
* Aorta
* IVC
* Duodenum (except for the first part)
* Pancreas (except for the tail)
* Ureters
* Colon (ascending and descending)
* Kidneys
* Esophagus (distal)
* Rectum
31
The head and body of the pancreas are (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The head and body of the pancreas are **retroperitoneal**
32
The tail of the pancreas is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The tail of the pancreas is **intraperitoneal**
33
The first portion of the duodenum is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The first portion of the duodenum is **intraperitoneal**
34
The second, third, and fourth portions of the duodenum are (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The second, third, and fourth portions of the duodenum are **retroperitoneal**
35
The transverse colon is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The transverse colon is **intraperitoneal**
36
The ascending colon is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The ascending colon is **retroperitoneal**
37
The descending colon is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The descending colon is **retroperitoneal**
38
The sigmoid colon is (intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal)
The sigmoid colon is **intraperitoneal**
39
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs are organs that _
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs are organs that **were initially intraperitoneal during development but later became fused with the posterior abdominal wall** and only covered by visceral peritoneum on one side
40
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs include:
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs include:
* Ascending/descending colon
* Duodenum (2nd, 3rd, 4th)
* Pancreas (except the tail)
41
GI organs are vascularized by three main arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta _ , _ , and _
GI organs are vascularized by three main arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta **celiac artery** , **superior mesenteric artery** , and **inferior mesenteric artery**
42
The nutrient-rich venous blood that is drained out of the GI organs first goes through the _ to the _
The nutrient-rich venous blood that is drained out of the GI organs first goes through the **portal venous system** to the **liver**
43
The venous blood from the GI organs first goes to the liver for _ before being sent to the _
The venous blood from the GI organs first goes to the liver for **extraction of nutrients and removal of toxins** before being sent to the **IVC/ right atrium**
* GI --> portal venous system --> liver sinusoids --> hepatic veins --> IVC
44
During embryonic development, the primitive gut tube is divided into 3 sections, _ , _ , and _
During embryonic development, the primitive gut tube is divided into 3 sections, **foregut** , **midgut** , and **hindgut**
* Each section is vascularized by its own artery
45
The foregut is vascularized by the _
The foregut is vascularized by the **celiac artery**
46
The midgut is vascularized by the _
The midgut is vascularized by the **SMA**
47
The hindgut is vascularized by the _
The hindgut is vascularized by the **IMA**
48
The foregut gives rise to _ structures
The foregut gives rise to...
* Distal esophagus
* Stomach
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Proximal half of duodenum
* Most of the pancreas
* Spleen
49
The midgut gives rise to _
The midgut gives rise to...
* Distal half of the duodenum
* Jejunum
* Ileum
* Cecum
* Appendix
* Ascending colon
* Two-thirds of the transverse colon
50
The hindgut gives rise to the _
The hindgut gives rise to...
* Distal 1/3rd transverse colon
* Descending colon
* Sigmoid colon
* Rectum
51
The stomach and spleen are vascularized by the _
The stomach and spleen are vascularized by the **celiac artery**
52
The pancreas is vascularized by the _ and _ arteries
The pancreas is vascularized by the **celiac** and **superior mesenteric** arteries
53
The small intestines are vascularized by the _
The small intestines are vascularized by the **superior mesenteric artery**
54
The colon is vascularized by the _ and _
The colon is vascularized by the **SMA** and **IMA**
55
The celiac trunk arises from the aorta at vertebral level _
The celiac trunk arises from the aorta at vertebral level **T12**
56
The celiac trunk gives rise to 3 major branches:
The celiac trunk gives rise to 3 major branches:
**Left gastric artery**
**Splenic artery**
**Common hepatic artery**
57
The left gastric artery (off the celiac trunk) supplies the _ and _
The left gastric artery (off the celiac trunk) supplies the **lesser curve of the stomach** and **abdominal esophagus**
58
The splenic artery supplies the _ and also feeds into _ and _
The splenic artery supplies the **spleen** and also feeds into **gastric arteries** and **left gastro-epiploic** to supply the greater curvature of the stomach
59
The common hepatic artery has two major branches _ and _
The common hepatic artery has two major branches **proper hepatic artery** and **gastroduodenal artery**
60
The proper hepatic artery supplies the _
The proper hepatic artery supplies the **liver**
61
The right gastric artery comes off of the _
The right gastric artery comes off of the **proper hepatic artery**
62
The gastroduodenal artery supplies the _
The gastroduodenal artery supplies the **proximal duodenum**
63
The gastroduodenal artery gives rise to the _ and _
The gastroduodenal artery gives rise to the **right gastroepiploic** and **anterior & posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries**
64
The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta at the _ vertebral column level
The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta at the **L1** vertebral column level
65
The SMA and its branches vascularizes the _ duodenum, head of the pancreas, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3rds of the transverse colon
The SMA and its branches vascularizes the *distal* duodenum, head of the pancreas, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3rds of the transverse colon
66
The right colic artery (SMA) vascularizes the _
The right colic artery (SMA) vascularizes the **ascending colon**
67
The middle colic artery (SMA) vascularizes the _
The middle colic artery vascularizes the **transverse colon**
68
The _ artery (SMA) vascularizes the cecum
The **iliocolic artery** (SMA) vascularizes the cecum
69
The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta at the _ vertebral column level
The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta at the **L3** vertebral column level
70
The 3 major branches of the IMA include:
The 3 major branches of the IMA include:
* **Left colic artery**
* **Sigmoidal arteries**
* **Superior rectal artery**
71
The _ artery traverses along the mesenteric side of the colon forming an important anastomosis along the colon
The **marginal artery** traverses along the mesenteric side of the colon forming an important anastomosis along the colon
72
The _ artery (IMA) vascularizes the descending colon and the distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon
The **left colic artery** (IMA) vascularizes the descending colon and the distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon
73
The _ arteries (IMA) vascularize the sigmoid colon
The **sigmoidal arteries** (IMA) vascularize the sigmoid colon
* We have 2-3 arteries
74
The _ arteries (IMA) supply the rectum
The **superior rectal arteries** (IMA) supply the rectum
75
Recall that the IMA vascularizes the hindgut, which involves the _
Recall that the IMA vascularizes the hindgut, which involves the **distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum**
76
(ANS/ENS) neural regulation coordinates peristalsis, secretory activity, and GI blood flow
**ENS** neural regulation coordinates peristalsis, secretory activity, and GI blood flow
77
(True/False) The ENS can direct all functions of the GIT in the absence of input from the ANS
True; The ENS can direct all functions of the GIT in the absence of input from the ANS
* The autonomic nervous system modulates ongoing GI activity through its innervation of the plexuses
78
The ENS involves neurons contained within the wall of the gut; mainly the _ and _ plexus
The ENS involves neurons contained within the wall of the gut; mainly the **Submucosal (Meissner) plexus** and **Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus**
79
The parasympathetic innervation to the gut is via two nerves, the _ and _
The parasympathetic innervation to the gut is via two nerves, the **vagus** and **pelvic splanchnic nerves**
80
Cranial nerve X innervates the (foregut/midgut/hindgut)
Cranial nerve X (vagus) innervates the **forgut** and **midgut**
81
The pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the _ organs
The pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the **hindgut** organs
* Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon, descending, sigmoid, rectum
82
The long preganglionic parasympathic *vagus* nerve cell bodies originate in the _
The long preganglionic parasympathic *vagus* nerve cell bodies originate in the **brainstem**
83
The long preganglionic parasympathic *pelvic splanchnic* nerve cell bodies originate in the _
The long preganglionic parasympathic *pelvic splanchnic* nerve cell bodies originate in the **S2-S4 spinal cord**
84
Parasympathic activity has _ effect on GI organs
Parasympathic activity **increases peristalsis, secretions, motility, absorption**
85
The preganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the gut originate in spinal cord segments _
The preganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the gut originate in spinal cord segments **T5-L2**
86
The greater splanchnic nerves originate from _ spinal cord segments
The greater splanchnic nerves originate from **T5-T9**
87
The lesser splanchnic nerves originate from _ spinal cord segments
The lesser splanchnic nerves originate from **T10-T11**
88
The least splanchnic nerve originates from _ spinal cord segments
The least splanchnic nerve originates from **T12**
89
The lumbar splanchnic nerves originate from _
The lumbar splanchnic nerves originate from **L1-L2**
90
We have three pre-vertebral or aortic ganglia where sympathetic preganglionic nerves synapse:
We have three pre-vertebral or aortic ganglia where sympathetic preganglionic nerves synapse:
1. **Celiac ganglia**
2. **Superior mesenteric ganglia**
3. **Inferior mesenteric ganglia**
91
Sympathetic innervation has what effect on GIT?
Sympathetic innervation **decreases peristalsis, secretions, motility, absorption**
92
Pain from the foregut organs tend project to _ spinal cord segments and dermatomes
Pain from the **foregut organs** tend project to **T5-T9** spinal cord segments and dermatomes
93
Pain from the midgut organs tend project to _ spinal cord segments and dermatomes
Pain from the **midgut organs** tend project to **T10-T11** spinal cord segments and dermatomes
94
Pain from the hindgut organs tend project to _ spinal cord segments and dermatomes
Pain from the **hindgut organs** tend project to **T12-L2** spinal cord segments and dermatomes
95
The visceral (inferior) surface of the liver reveals two additional lobes, _ and _
The visceral (inferior) surface of the liver reveals two additional lobes, **quadrate** and **caudate**
96
The caudate and quadrate lobes are functionally part of the (right/left) liver lobe
The caudate and quadrate lobes are functionally part of the ***left lobe***
97
The _ is a remnant of the ductus venosus that can be seen from the visceral (inferior) side of the liver
The **ligamentum venosum** is a remnant of the *ductus venosus* that can be seen from the visceral (inferior) side of the liver
98
The _ is where the portal triad structures enter and exit the liver
The **porta hepatis** is where the portal triad structures enter and exit the liver
99
The _ conveys nutrient rich venous blood from the GIT to the liver (making up the majority of the liver's blood supply)
The **portal vein** conveys nutrient rich venous blood from the GIT to the liver (making up the majority of the liver's blood supply)
100
The _ (from the celiac trunk) conveys oxygenated blood to the liver
The **proper hepatic artery** (from the celiac trunk) conveys oxygenated blood to the liver
101
The incoming blood going to the liver flows through _ which are specialized capillaries which allow processing to occur
The incoming blood going to the liver flows through **sinusoids** which are specialized capillaries which allow processing to occur
102
Venous blood exits the liver via the _ to the _
Venous blood exits the liver via the **hepatic veins** to the **IVC**
103
Branching of the liver's vasculature divides the liver into _ functional segments
Branching of the liver's vasculature divides the liver into **8** functional segments
104
One of the key functions of the liver is to produce and secrete _ for the digestion of fats
One of the key functions of the liver is to produce and secrete **bile** for the digestion of fats
* The *biliary system* transports bile from the hepatocytes to the duodenum
105
The right and left hepatic ducts (from the liver) come together to form the _
The right and left hepatic ducts (from the liver) come together to form the **common hepatic duct**
106
The _ is the vessel leaving the gallbladder that will join the common hepatic duct
The **cystic duct** is the vessel leaving the gallbladder that will join the common hepatic duct
107
The cystic duct and common hepatic duct join to form the _
The cystic duct and common hepatic duct join to form the **common bile duct**
108
The _ transports bile into the duodenum
The **common bile duct** transports bile into the duodenum
109
The common bile duct joins the main pancreatic duct at the _
The common bile duct joins the main pancreatic duct at the **ampulla of vater**
110
The ampulla of vater opens into the _ (in the duodenum)
The ampulla of vater opens into the **major duodenal papilla** (in the duodenum)
111
The muscle surrounding the ampulla is called the _ ; it is regulated by CCK
The muscle surrounding the ampulla is called the **sphincter of oddi** ; it is regulated by CCK
112
Venous blood from the inferior esophagus to the superior rectum travels back to the liver via _ before the blood eventually returns to the heart
Venous blood from the inferior esophagus to the superior rectum travels back to the liver via **hepatic portal system** before the blood eventually returns to the heart
* The hepatic portal system allows liver to absorb nutrients but also detoxifies metabolites
113
The veins that coalesce to form the portal vein include:
The veins that coalesce to form the portal vein include:
* **Splenic vein**
* **Superior mesenteric vein**
* **Inferior mesenteric vein**
* Gastric vein (not a major contributor)
114
Portacaval anastomoses are naturally occurring venous connections that "shunt" between veins of the _ and veins that _
Portacaval anastomoses are naturally occurring venous connections that "shunt" between veins of the **portal system** and veins that **drain into IVC**
115
Name the (4) main portacaval anastomoses:
Name the (4) main portacaval anastomoses:
1. Left gastric + esophageal
2. Paraumbilical + superficial epigastric veins
3. Superior rectal veins + middle/inferior rectal veins
4. Veins draining retroperitoneal organs + IVC
116
Esophageal varices may form from a natural anastomose between the esophageal veins and the _
Esophageal varices may form from a natural anastomose between the esophageal veins and the **left gastric vein**
117
Paraumbilical varices result from the anastomose between _ and _
Paraumbilical varices result from the anastomose between **paraumbilical veins** and **superficial epigastric veins**
118
Why is it clinically significant that the veins that contribute to the portal vein do not have valves?
No valves --> allows **retrograde flow**
*Portal hypertension (often from cirrhosis) can cause blood in the portal vein and its tributaries to "back up" and flow retrograde into the portocaval anastomoses*
119
When anastomotic "shunts" become overloaded with venous blood we end up with _
When anastomotic "shunts" become overloaded with venous blood we end up with **varices**
120
Portal hypertension may cause blood from the left gastric vein to flow into the _
Portal hypertension may cause blood from the left gastric vein to flow into the **esophageal veins** --> **esophageal varices**
121
Blood from the paraumbilical veins can back up into the _ veins and form _
Blood from the paraumbilical veins can back up into the **epigastric veins** and form **caput medusae**
122
Blood from the superior rectal vein can back up into the _
Blood from the superior rectal vein can back up into the **middle/inferior rectal veins** (which eventually flow into the IVC) and we form **hemorrhoids**
123
The _ is a transition in the anal canal that marks the end of the hindgut and the beginning of the anus
The **pectinate line** is a transition in the anal canal that marks the end of the hindgut and the beginning of the anus
