Hernias Flashcards
_ is a peritoneal-lined sac that protrudes through the abdominal wall
Hernia is a peritoneal-lined sac that protrudes through the abdominal wall
A _ hernia protrudes through the inguinal triangle and may enter the medial part of the inguinal canal
A direct inguinal hernia protrudes through the inguinal triangle and may enter the medial part of the inguinal canal
A _ hernia protrudes through the deep (internal) inguinal ring and enters the inguinal canal
An indirect inguinal hernia protrudes through the deep (internal) inguinal ring and enters the inguinal canal
Complete direct and indirect inguinal hernias exit the _
Complete direct and indirect inguinal hernias exit the superficial ring and enter the scrotum or labium majus
A _ hernia protrudes into the femoral triangle (specifically the femoral canal)
A femoral hernia protrudes into the femoral triangle (specifically the femoral canal)
A _ hernia is when bowel passes through a defect in the diaphragm and enters the thoracic cavity
A diaphragmatic hernia is when bowel passes through a defect in the diaphragm and enters the thoracic cavity
A _ is a hernia at the umbilicus
An umbilical hernia is a hernia at the umbilicus
* Common in newborns and toddlers
* Usually resolve on their own
A _ is a hernia at the site of a past surgical incision
An incisional hernia is a hernia at the site of a past surgical incision
Reducible vs. irreducible
Reducible: the herniated bowel can be returned to the abdominal cavity by manipulation
Irreducible: the hernia is so occluded that it cannot be returned by manipulation
Incarcerated hernia
Incarcerated hernias are hernias in which the viscus is stuck in a sac and cannot be reduced
Obstructed hernia
Obstructed hernias are hernias in which the hernia does not allow the passage of feces
A _ hernia is an incarcerated hernia that blocks blood flow
A strangulated hernia is an incarcerated hernia that blocks blood flow
Sliding hernia
Sliding hernias are hernias of a retroperitoneal organ into the hernia sac
* Inguinal hernia: part of the colon
* Esophageal hiatal hernia: esophagus pulls part of the stomach through the diaphragm
The superior boarder of the femoral triangle is the _
The superior boarder of the femoral triangle is the inguinal ligament otherwise known as the Poupart’s ligament
The medial boarder of the femoral triangle is the _
The medial boarder of the femoral triangle is the adductor longus muscle
The lateral boarder of the femoral triangle is the _
The lateral boarder of the femoral triangle is the sartorius muscle
What are the four components of the femoral triangle?
Femoral triangle contains:
1. Femoral nerve
2. Femoral artery
3. Femoral vein
4. Femoral canal (lymphatic vessels)
The femoral sheath surrounds _ , _, and _
The femoral sheath surrounds femoral artery , femoral vein, and femoral canal
* The femoral nerve lies outside
The femoral canal houses the lymphatic vessels/nodes, otherwise known as the _
The femoral canal houses the lymphatic vessels/nodes, otherwise known as the node of Cloquet
A femoral hernia is a protrusion of abdominal viscera through the _ and into the _
A femoral hernia is a protrusion of abdominal viscera through the femoral ring and into the femoral canal
* The femoral ring is the opening at the top of the femoral canal
* The hernia sac can usually be palpated within the femoral triangle
The _ ligament is very tight and can sometimes cause strangulation of the loop of bowel and result in necrosis
The lacunar ligament is very tight and can sometimes cause strangulation of the loop of bowel and result in necrosis
The _ is an oblique passageway through the inferior abdominal wall, which allows structures to pass from inside the abdominal cavity to the outside perineal region (location of the external genitalia)
The inguinal canal is an oblique passageway through the inferior abdominal wall, which allows structures to pass from inside the abdominal cavity to the outside perineal region (location of the external genitalia)
The inguinal canal has two openings, _ and _
The inguinal canal has two openings, deep inguinal ring and superficial inguinal ring
The deep inguinal ring is located _
The deep inguinal ring is located on the inside of the abdominal wall
The superficial inguinal ring is located _
The superficial inguinal ring is located in the medial aspect of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
What are the main structures transversing the inguinal canal?
Inguinal canal contents:
* Spermatic cord (in males)
* Round ligament of the uterus (in females)
* Ilioinguinal nerve and the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
The spermatic cord contains the _
The spermatic cord contains the neurovasculature of the testicle
* During embryonic development, the testicle and spermatic cord traverse through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum
_ hernias are located within the spermatic cord
indirect inguinal hernias are located within the spermatic cord
Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents pass through the _ ring and exit the _ ring
Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents pass through the deep ring and exit the superficial ring
Indirect inguinal hernias can also be called _
Indirect inguinal hernias can also be called congenital inguinal hernias
Indirect inguinal hernias protrude through the abdominal wall (medial/ lateral) to the inferior epigastric vessels
Indirect inguinal hernias protrude through the abdominal wall lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
The medial boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the _
The medial boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the rectus abdominis muscle
The lateral boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the _
The lateral boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the inferior epigastric vessel
The inferior boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the _
The inferior boundary of the hesselbach triangle is the inguinal ligament
The hesselbach triangle represents an area of abdominal wall that lacks muscular support; hence this area is prone to _ hernias
The hesselbach triangle represents an area of abdominal wall that lacks muscular support; hence this area is prone to direct inguinal hernias
Direct inguinal hernias protrude through hesselbach’s triangle (medial/ lateral) to the inferior epigastric vessels
Direct inguinal hernias protrude through hesselbach’s triangle medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
* Often occur in middle aged adults (weak abdominal wall)
Direct inguinal hernias result in contents _ the spermatic cord
Direct inguinal hernias result in contents outside the spermatic cord
Direct vs indirect inguinal hernias in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels
Direct vs indirect inguinal hernias in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels:
* Direct inguinal hernia: medial to vessel
* Indirect inguinal hernia: lateral to vessel
Indirect inguinal hernias are a result of a congenital defect of the _ when it fails to close
Indirect inguinal hernias are a result of a congenital defect of the processus vaginalis when it fails to close
* Or failed fusion of the deep inguinal ring and the spermatic cord
The _ nerve, passes through the inguinal ligament, and lies on top of the spermatic cord. It must be isolated separately from the cord during hernia surgeries
The ilioinguinal nerve arises from L1, passes through the inguinal ligament, and lies on top of the spermatic cord. It must be isolated separately from the cord during hernia surgeries
Pain or popping upon internal rotation and flexion/extension of the tibia/fibula indicates _ injury
McMurray test:
Lateral meniscus: internal rotation
Medial meniscus: external rotation
