Intro To Psych/history/ethics Flashcards
Systematic observation
Core of science
Science a systematic by
Trying to observe under control situations, and very observations to see variation to understand when they Occur and when they don’t occur
Why do we record observations
So our memory isn’t biased
Objectivity is
Redefining something I can’t see by when I can see a.k.a. using evidence
Observations lied to
Hypotheses we can test
Examining patterns
Can help make your questions of the hypothesis a.k.a. if then how why
Science is democratic meaning
Series and experiments are tested by comparing evidence overtime
Science is cumulative meaning
Small developments lead to bigger findings later
The scientific method is
You ask a question, background research, hypotheses, test hypotheses, analyze and draw conclusions, report your results
True or false psychologist or not all therapist
True
Psychology is
The study of thought and behaviour
Most psychology is focussed on
Physiological behaviour however sometimes other means are used in sociology
What type of models are often used
Nonhuman a.k.a. animals
Psychologist studied the behaviour of _______ Individuals
All
Abnormal behaviour
Doesn’t always mean bad could be why does this person feel this way and example would be the fear of dogs
Behaviour
Observable action by which an organism reacts to it surroundings
Psychology recognizes that there is __________ behaviour we _____see
Unobservable, can’t
Dispositional
Something inside you and example would be nerves
Situational
Environment example large groups
What is the basis for psychotherapeutic approaches
Developing hypotheses and theories to predict and potentially control behaviour
Maladaptive behaviour
Thinking something is getting in the way of a task
Why would psychology be useful in an alcoholic’s situation?
You can use different psychology for interventions
External factors of behaviour
Situational factors such as large groups
Internal factors affecting behaviour
Genetic make up motivation intelligence etc.
Informed consent
Participants should know when they’re involved I know what the studies aboutAnd any potential risks or benefits in participating
Confidentiality
Participants info should not be made public
Privacy
Participants should be aware that they are being observed and observer Should be making the purchase been aware they’re taking data
Benefits
Researchers should consider benefits and they must be careful he weighed and risks to participants must be minimized
Intentional deception
Is used to modify behaviour sometimes is necessary to avoid biasing results
Can only be used if there is no other alternative way
Debriefing
After deception you must tell participants what happened why educate them on how it will be beneficial to society
Ethical consideration with animals
Animal rights versus animal welfare
Animal rights
The rides are that of humans, any infringement is just as bad
Animal welfare
Because we can’t communicate if you were using/have an animal you must treat them as good as you can and as human as possible if needing to do any experiments
History of psych
Psychology has a long past but only a short history
Psychology is linked historically to both ___________ & ___________
Philosophy and medicine
The mind-body problem
Does a non-tangible mind that is independent of biology exist And is it possible to scientifically study and predict behaviour
Nature versus nurture
How much of her behaviour is influenced by the environment versus genetic background
Tabula rasa “blank slate”
Proponents consider nurture to be overwhelmingly influenced by our behaviour Meaning we start blank and who we are in the end is made up of all of our experiences
Genetics
Until 1950s schizophrenia was considered a result of your upbringing more recently it was found that it has more genetic markers than environment
Darwin evolution
Observe differences in physical characteristics between the species of finches on the Galapagos islands
what did Darwin hypothesize, natural selection
That variations of evolved to such that favourable characteristics were preserved an unfavourable ones were destroyed
What does Darwin’s theory suggest?
It’s suggest the possibility of inheritable individual differences meaning personality maybe theorized as being able to be passed down from generation to generation
What did Francis Galton propose
The intelligence wasn’t inheritable characteristic that could be measured
What was the first form of psychology
Psychophysics
Psycho physixs studies
How we experience changes in the physical world
Who established the first formal experimental psychology laboratory
Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig
Who were the first experimental psychologist
Weber, fechner, and helmholtz
Who was the first Canadian to open my psychology laboratory
James mark Baldwin
Structuralism
Examining the contents of the mind through introspection, they are concerned with what
Functionalism
Examine the functions thoughts and behaviours and are concerned with why and how
Example of structuralism psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchenor
Example of functionalism psychologists
William James
Edward titchner
One of the first psychologists in the United States, studied the contents of the mind, primary method of data collection was introspection
What did Max Wertheimer study
He studied organize holes rather than individual components that making up that gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts that ass it determines the role of the mind in interpreting stimuli
Proximity
Group nearby objects together
Similarity
Group like objects together
Closure
Filling the holes
Good continuum
Things don’t usually make abrupt changes returns
Consciousness
I’m going stream of mind in constant interaction with the environment
Modern psychology
Studies both structure in functionalism of behaviour
Eugenics
Selective breeding
Psychodynamic perspective
Functionalist view, Sigmund Freud, that behaviour is explained by inherited in stinks, biological drives, and attempts to solve Conflict
Emphasizes roll of unconscious process and battles between inner and outer forces
Behaviour is often driven by______outside of ________awareness
Motive, Conscious
Behaviourist perspective
John B Watson, BF Skinner, overt and observable as proper, behavioural concern with environment not the mind or consciousness
Classical conditioning
Association with previously neutral stimuli with consequence or reward
Flashbulb memory
Highly detailed/vivid memory of an emotional event
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Inability to pull the word from your memory even though you know it’s there
Humanist perspective
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, emphasized individual inherit capability for making rational choices and developing to full potential
Cognitive perspective
Study of mental processes
Biological perspective
Focusses on functioning of genes, nervous system, and endocrine system
Linked to behavioural and cognitive neuroscience fields
Helen Thompson Woolley and Leta S Hollingworth we’re psychologist for?
Women’s rights and sex difference
Sub disciplines
Developmental, personality, social, clinical
Developmental perspective
How thoughts and behaviour change or stay stable
Personality perspective
What makes you unique, stable across time and situation
Social perspective
The interplay between individuals and groups how each one affects one another
Clinical perspective
The study of the treatment and assessment
