iNTRO TO PSTM Flashcards
beginning and end of all things
princeps (Latin)
Fundamental truth/ proposition that serves as a foundation for a system of belief, behavior, chain of reasoning
Principles
origin of things, fundamental laws, and put ultimate objective
Principles
Any gen truth or guiding norm by w/c a process is being carried on
Principles
Origins, foundations, fundamentals
Principles
Chief guides to make teaching and learning intelligent and productive
Principles in Relation to Education
Important in the operation of techniques in any field of education
Principles in Relation to Education
process of imparting knowledge and skills
Teaching
encompasses the activities of educating/ instructing
Teaching
act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual.
Teaching
undertaking certain ethical tasks or activities the intention of which is to induce learning.
Teaching (B.O. Smith)
enables the understanding of the learners, application of knowledge, concepts, and processes thru series of instructions
Teaching
TRUE OR FALSE:
We can posses learning thru teaching process
TRUE
Instructions, direction, processes
Teaching
TRUE OR FALSE:
not all learning is dependent on teaching…However, all teaching regardless of quality is predicated on learning
TRUE (Brown,1993)
TRUE OR FALSE:
Teaching makes learning possible
TRUE (Ramsden,1992)
Sense of maturity and devotion
Selfless profession
Construct elements from basic to complex necessary for instructions
Teacher
Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.
Learning (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
A persisting change in human performance or performance potential
Learning (Driscoll, 1994)
The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience
Learning (Mayer, 1982)
An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience
Learning (Shuell, 1986)
Process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behavior, skills, values, attitudes and preferences
Learning
Process that leads to change, to increase potentials of students, to diversity their real-life experiences
Learning
As we start w/ the origin of things thru principles
Learning
Breakthrough of potentials, discoveries, acquisition of skills, exploration of concepts and ideas
Learning
how students receive, process, retain knowledge during learning
Learning Theories
Is reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning or Respondent conditioning)
Proponent of Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning or Respondent conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov (Russian)
Behavior is learned through repetitive association between response and stimulus
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning or Respondent conditioning)
Ex: Ringtone or chime of phone
Neutral stimulus
Ex: Positive feeling from hearing a familiar sound
Conditioned response
process that attempts to modify behavior thru the use of positive and negative reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)
Theory that focuses on changes in indiv observable behavior
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)
Proponent of Operant Conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)
B.F. Skinner (Burrhus Frederick Skinner)
Use of positive ____ and negative ____reinforcement
reward ; punishment
Ex: Baby smiled at dad
AR (Accidental Response)
Ex: Dad picked baby
R (Reinforcement)
Ex: Baby thought dad will carry him if he smiles
DR (Deliberate Response)
How individuals becomes conditioned to a manner (how to execute things) w/c society expects to be normal
Social Conditioning (Observational conditioning)
Conforming to norms created by society around us
Social Conditioning (Observational conditioning)
Very dangerous, form of irrational education
Social Conditioning (Observational conditioning)
Classical : ____ ; Operative : _____ ; Social : ____
Respondent, Instrumental, Observational
generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, instructional objectives and an outline of planned tactics, necessary to implement the strategies
Teaching Strategy
Carefully made plan, in order to achieve a goal
Strategy
combination of instructional methods, learning activities and materials
Teaching Strategy
TRUE OR FALSE:
In strategy of teaching, “realization of objectives” is given more importance than presentation of lesson.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
A strategy does NOT follow a single track all the time, but it changes according to the demands of the situations
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Strategy is more comprehensive than method
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Strategy is more close to science than arts
TRUE
Group problem solving technique ( encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.)
Brainstorming
Interactive teaching method (get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world situation.)
Case studies
consists of a structured contest of argumentation, in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition
Debates
Frequently used teaching approach
Discussion
Constructive process involving listening, thinking, speaking ability of the student
Discussion
Dependent on technology (Students use class time to apply the theory and concepts discussed in the videos)
Flipped classroom or Inverted classroom
Cooperative learning (A method of instruction that gets students to work together in groups)
Groupwork
Asking questions in order to well-defined goals
Questioning
develop higher order thinking skills, give variety of acceptable/ debatable responses
Open questions
have 1 clear answer, check understanding during explanations and recap sessions
Closed questions
instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a “world” defined by the teacher.
Simulations
AKA Role playing or rehearsal
Simulations
The broadest of the three, making technique the most specific, and the method found in between approach and technique.
Approach
Ways in which you try to engage students w/ the subject matter
Approach
encompasses planning and consideration on what kind of method to be used
Approach
The mode or manner of teaching
Approach
Lecture, tutorial, bedside teaching, laboratory work
Approach
Types of Teaching Approach: According to the Role of the Teacher
Executive Approach
Facilitator Approach
Liberationist Approach
teacher as manager/ leader of complex classroom processes/ teaching
Executive approach
it places considerable emphasis on making use of students’ prior experience
Facilitator Approach
TRUE OR FALSE:
Facilitator Approach is complex and tedious
TRUE
goal is to free/ liberate the mind in order to understand and create a civilized life
Liberationist approach
Types of Teaching Approach: According to Nature of Learning
Discovery Learning
Conceptual Learning
Process Writing
Unified Teaching
various instructional design models that engages students in learning through discovery.
Discovery Learning
Learning by discovery has threefold pedagogical aims:
Promote ___
Promote ___: develop problem-solving skills, creativity, identify own learning style, evaluating success of task, etc.
Promote____
deep learning
meta-cognitive skills
student engagement
Latest educational approach
Conceptual Learning
Involves the learning of specific concepts, the nature of concepts, and the development of logical reasoning & critical thinking.
Conceptual Learning
Treats all writing as a creative act
Process Writing
Breaking down passive writing into smaller components parts by completing each step sequentially
Process Writing
2 Phases of Process Writing
Prewriting phase
Writing phase
Organize, sequences, elaborate on ideas prior to writing
Prewriting phase
Turns organization of ideas into a composition
Writing phase
This approach lends itself smoothly to a unified teaching-learning concept of education.
Unified Teaching
collaboration between teacher and students
Unified Teaching
Types of Teaching Approach: According to Teacher-Learner Interaction
Teacher- Centered Approach
Student- Centered Approach
primary role of teachers to pass knowledge and info onto their students.
Teacher- Centered Approach
relies on explicit teaching through lectures and teacher-led demonstrations.
Direct Instruction
Teachers are in a position of power and authority
Formal Authority
Teachers are in possession of all knowledge and expertise
Expert
Teachers lead by example
Personal Model
Student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction.
Student- Centered Approach
focuses on student investigation and hands-on learning.
Inquiry-Based Learning
Student learning loosely guided by the teacher
Facilitator
Teacher as resource to students, answering their questions and reviewing their progress as needed
Delegator
Emphasizes group work and a strong sense of community.
Cooperative Learning
Think-Pair-Share
Groupwork
Cooperative Learning
encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process
Technique
Basic ways on how to do something, the hacks on how to execute a task
Technique
procedure by which new knowledge is fixed in the minds of students permanently.
Technique
Is an organized, orderly, systematic, and well- planned procedure aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.
Method
Definite pattern/ plan, standard
Method
TRUE OR FALSE:
Method of teaching is DIRECTLY related to the presentation of the lesson.
TRUE
4 Methods of Presenting the Subject Matter
Telling Method
Doing Method
Visual Method Mental Method
lecture, discussion , story telling, etc…
Telling Method
project, problem solving, textbook etc…
More on process
Doing Method
demonstration, supervised study etc…
Visual Method
inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis, critical thinking etc…
Mental Method
all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction
Instructional Media
chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides, overheads, real objects, and videotape or film
Traditional materials
computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and interactive video conferencing.
Newer materials
TRUE OR FALSE:
You should use media whenever, in your best judgment, it can facilitate learning or increase understanding of your material.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Instructional Media connect learners to events that are culturally relevant and timely
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Instructional Media builds bridges bet students’ knowledge and learning objectives of the course
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Instructional Media engage students, aid retention to the knowledge of student,
TRUE
4 Goals of Media
ADAP Attracting attention Developing interest Adjusting the learning Promoting acceptance of the idea
Types of Instructional Media
Projected Media Non-Projected Media Audio Media Motion Media Hyper Media Gaming Media
require projection and electricity in their using process
Projected Media
Allow all students to view the same material at the same time
slides, filmstrips, and overheads
Projected Media
not require the process of projection before its operation can take place
Non-Projected Media
encourage students to look at data in diverse ways
photographs, diagrams, and displays
Non-Projected Media
allow students to hear other languages/dialects
Audio Media
cassettes and compact discs
Audio Media
videos, computer mediated instruction, and television
Motion Media
Offer supplemental instruction, experience concepts in a manner that is not available in “real life”
Motion Media
computer networks, software, and the Internet
Hyper Media
offer resources beyond the library, dev computer and word processing skills, offer interactive learning.
Hyper Media
computer games
Gaming Media
provide a playful environment for learning
Gaming Media
Social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences
Health Education
(strong, healthy), sound ( body, family and environment), whole
Health = Hal = “ hale
6 interacting and dynamic dimensions of health (PESISO)
physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual and occupation.
“Soundness of body or mind that condition in which its are duly and efficiently discharged.”
Health (Oxford Dictionary)
Ability to lead a socially and economically productive life
Health
is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health (WHO, 1984)
Aims of Health Education:
- Health___ and disease ____
- Early ____ and management.
- Utilization of available_____.
- promotion, prevention
- diagnosis
- health services
Principles of Health Education:
message should be conveyed by trusting people
Credibility
Principles of Health Education:
what the community like to change or achieve
Interest
Principles of Health Education:
if they are working out of their interest
Participation
Principles of Health Education:
if they realized that the program is beneficial to them
Motivation
Principles of Health Education:
find the capacity of the people which need the baseline data
Comprehension
Principles of Health Education:
need repeat follow up
Reinforcement
Principles of Health Education:
who facilitates = one who start
Learning by doing
Principles of Health Education:
starts what knowledge they have up to the knowledge they don’t have
Known to unknown
Principles of Health Education:
set examples
Setting an example
Principles of Health Education:
building rapport to the community’s people
Good human relations
Principles of Health Education:
evaluation on the program: what happened
Feedback
Principles of Health Education:
competent, knowledgeable, expert, honest, know what they are doing
Leaders
Need and Importance of Health Education:
____people about health, illness, disability, and ways in which they can improve and protect their own health
Inform
Need and Importance of Health Education:
____people who want to change to more healthy practices
Motivate
Need and Importance of Health Education:
____ teaching and communication skills in all those engaged in educating consumers about health
Foster
Need and Importance of Health Education: ____change in the environment that facilitate healthful conditions and healthful behavior
Advocate
Need and Importance of Health Education:
____to knowledge via research and evaluation concerning the most effective ways of achieving the above objectives
Add
Need and Importance of Health Education:
____of info to people the imp of overall health, how to use efficiently the healthcare delivery system, understanding lifestyle diseases
Dissemination
Need and Importance of Health Education: ____ourselves in research and evaluation to select effective ways of achieving the best outcome of health
Involve
