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Public Health > Intro to PH > Flashcards

Intro to PH Flashcards

1
Q

Note Lecture Objectives:

A

1) recognize the differences between public health and clinical medicine
2) identify the effect that public health measures have made on life expectancy in the US
3) explain the effect public health has had on the types of disease affecting US citizens
4) identify the 3 core functions of public health
5) recognize the key elements of the US public health infrastructure
6) understand the relationship between federal, state, and local public health agencies

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2
Q

What is public health according the the first chair of department of public health at Yale?

A

science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals

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3
Q

What is the focus of PH vs clinical medicine?

A

communities vs individual

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4
Q

What is the emphasis of PH vs clinical medicine?

A

prevention of disease/promotion of healthy behavior vs diagnosis and tx of disease

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5
Q

What are the interventions of PH vs clinical medicine?

A

organizationally developed and delivered vs personally developed and delivered

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6
Q

Clinical medicine is…

A

obvious and discrete

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7
Q

Public health is…

A

invisible and ubiquitous

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8
Q

Clean air act 1970

A

regulated industrial air pollution

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9
Q

FDA and USDA regulate

A

food safety

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10
Q

Early efforts in public health:

A

Hippocrates 4th century BC thought of avoiding disease by moving away from where people are sick

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11
Q

Rome public health efforts:

A

sewers and running water 100 AD

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12
Q

Who is the father of epidemiology?

A

John Snow- conducted the 1st outbreak investigation in London 1854; cholera from water transmission at Broad Street pump

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13
Q

Define epidemiology:

A

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

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14
Q

How many of the top 10 causes of death were related to infectious disease in 1900?

A

4; top 3 are related to infectious disease

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15
Q

How many of the top 10 causes of death were related to infectious disease in 2010?

A

1; infectious disease accounted for 2.2% of deaths

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16
Q

What is the shift of public health focus?

A

from infectious disease to chronic noninfectious disease

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17
Q

What are examples of non-infectious airway diseases?

A

emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis; often attributed to smoking and pollution

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18
Q

What are the top 2 causes of 2010 deaths?

A

heart disease and cancer

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19
Q

What is the most common cancer?

A

lung

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20
Q

Where did COVID fall for cause of death in 2020?

A

3rd; will likely be 2nd in 2021

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21
Q

How has COVID infection changed over the past few months?

A

It occurs in a cyclical nature with peaks before vaccination and then with new variants

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22
Q

What is the average life expectancy for people born in 1997?

A

76 years

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23
Q

How has public health affected life expectancy?

A

25 years have been gained since 1900 from advances in public health (mostly improvements in infant mortality)

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24
Q

What is the #1 greatest public health achievement?

A

control of infectious diseases via clean water and better sanitation as well as antimicrobial therapy

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25
Q

T/F death rate due to infectious disease was declining before antibiotics or vaccines were even invented

A

true, due to public health initiatives

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26
Q

Introduction of vaccines

A

Salk vaccine for polio introduced around 1950; protect through herd-immunity; vaccines are very effective

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27
Q

What has lead to a recent uptick in vaccine-preventable illnesses in the US?

A

immigration and reduced vaccination rates

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28
Q

Prevention of heart disease and stroke

A

reduced death rates for coronary heart disease 51% since 1951, risk-factor modification

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29
Q

What are risk factor modifications for heart disease and stroke?

A

early detection and better treatment, smoking cessation, blood pressure control

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30
Q

Motor vehicle safety

A

car and roadway safety, seatbelts, education of car seats and distracted driving, traffic laws, federal funding

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31
Q

Safer workplaces

A

40% reduction in fatal injuries since 1980 (about when OSHA was developed); reduced work-related health problems and fewer severe injuries and deaths related to mining, manufacturing, construction, and transportation

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32
Q

Fluoridation of drinking water

A

40-70% fewer dental caries in kids and 40-60% fewer teeth lost in adults; safe and inexpensive wide reaching action

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33
Q

Safer and healthier foods

A

decrease in microbial contamination, increases in nutritional content, establishing food-fortification programs

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34
Q

1900s food safety developments

A

1905 The Jungle; 1906 Food and Drug Act

35
Q

Food fortification

A

identifying essential micronutrients and establishing food-fortification programs have almost eliminated major nutritional deficiency diseases such as rickets, goiter, and pellagra in the US; iodized salt, niacin, vit D, folic acid

36
Q

Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

A

1964 the US surgeon general released a landmark report that marked the Federal governments official recognition smoking as a health hazard and a likely cause of lung and throat cancer

37
Q

Smoking prevalence 1965 vs today

A

‘65= 42% of adults, today 20%

38
Q

Healthier mothers and babies

A

since 1900, infant mortality has decreased 90% and maternal mortality has decreased 99%

39
Q

Decrease in mother/infant mortality attributed to:

A

better hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care and technologic advances in maternal and neonatal medicine

40
Q

Where does the US rank worldwide with infant mortality?

A

45th

41
Q

Family planning

A

smaller family size, longer interval between births; access to family planning and contraceptive services has altered social and economic roles of women

42
Q

3 Core functions of public health

A

policy development, assurance, assessment and monitoring

43
Q

Assessment and monitoring

A

tracking diseases, injuries, # of available health care providers to see where problems exist and which ones need to be addressed first; formulating public policies- developing a solution; working with the government and community to change the law, develop a program or provide support for existing agencies to address public health issues

44
Q

Assurance

A

follow up, making sure the changes work; difficult and thankless but very important to proper functioning of PH systems

45
Q

What is based off the three core functions?

A

the 10 essential public health services

46
Q

Assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets

A

disease surveillance: flu, diabetes, drug use, poverty and healthcare access

47
Q

Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population

A

household lead and air quality evaluation and difference in health outcomes between races

48
Q

Communicated effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it

A

anti-smoking campaigns, seatbelts, childhood vaccinations, obesity, safe sleep for babies

49
Q

Strengthen, support and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health

A

health care delivery- churches for diabetes education, salons for domestic abuse prevention

50
Q

Create, champion and implement policies, plans and laws that impact health

A

federal regulations on cigarette advertising, allowing low-income seniors to use food aid at farmer’s market downtown

51
Q

Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the public’s health

A

local and state agencies fine and tax industries and businesses through air and water quality regulations

52
Q

Assure an effective system that enables equitable assess to the individual services and care needed to be healthy

A

community health centers, community hospitals, NHSC

53
Q

Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce

A

training through the schools of public health and CDC; voluntary licensing exam

54
Q

Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research and continuous quality improvement

A

research through agencies and the schools of public health and CDC

55
Q

Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health

A

at all levels but emphasized in schools and federal agencies

56
Q

Kentucky scope expansion assessment and monitoring

A

high demand for eye care with low supply of providers for needed services

57
Q

Kentucky scope expansion formulating public policies

A

expand the scope of ODs 2011

58
Q

Kentucky scope expansion assurance

A

number of YAGs and SLTs performed by ODs, #RDs among treated patients, additional income of paitents due to more days at work, decrease in insurance payments due to improved quality of life

59
Q

Kentucky scope expansion direct and indirect costs

A

direct: miles driven by treated patients; indirect: low revenue of patients’ employers due to absenteeism

60
Q

Mandatory eye exams for children assessment and monitoring

A

untreated eye and vision disorders in US school children

61
Q

Mandatory eye exams for children formulating public policies

A

mandatory eye exams for school children

62
Q

Mandatory eye exams for children assurance

A

children receiving eye exams, reading scores for children before and after law enacted, cost of eye exams compared to lifetime impact of untreated vision disorders

63
Q

Eye care needs in nursing homes assessment and monitoring

A

untreated eye and vision disorders in nursing home residents in the US

64
Q

Eye care needs in nursing homes formulating public policies

A

change medicare regulations for nursing homes to require eye care

65
Q

Eye care needs in nursing homes assurance

A

nursing home residents receiving eye exams, impact of eye care on medicare expenditures in nursing homes, # of ADLs performed by nursing home patients

66
Q

Linchpin of the US public health system

A

public health agency, but the system has many entities

67
Q

Centers for disease control and prevention mission

A

collaborating to create the expertise, info, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats

68
Q

What is the CDC under?

A

US Department of Health and Human Safety

69
Q

How did the CDC begin?

A

1942 Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities –> 1946 Communicable disease center

70
Q

Primary functions of CDC

A

monitor health, detect and investigate health problems, conduct research to enhance prevention, develop and advocate sound public health policies, implement prevention strategies, promote healthy behaviors, foster safe and healthful environments, provide leadership and training

71
Q

What is the national notifiable disease surveillance system?

A

annual disease recommendations from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, CDC and state health departments determine nationally notifiable disease

72
Q

Who reports notifiable diseases?

A

voluntary from state to CDC; regulated on state level

73
Q

All states generally report internationally quarantinable diseases like…

A

cholera, plague, yellow fever

74
Q

Where is disease info typically de-identified

A

local or state level

75
Q

What are reportable diseases in TN?

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDs, Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection, syphilis, TB latent or active

76
Q

What do state departments of health do?

A

provide training, leadership and resources

77
Q

What do city, county or regional departments of health do?

A

report to state and federal agencies, 10 essential public health services

78
Q

Describe TN public health budget

A

Public health programs receive 1% of state budget in TN, and 50% of PH budget goes toward inmate health

79
Q

What are some of the regional departments of health responsible for?

A

disease surveillance, epidemiology and prevention, provisions of primary health care services for the uninsured and indigent, overall planning, coordination, administration, and fiscal management of public health services

80
Q

How are ODs involved in the public health workforce?

A

part of the 3000 county and city health department individuals or the 3000 local boards of health

81
Q

What doe boards of health do?

A

advise department directors on public health policy, emergencies, and control of health hazards; review department rules and program proposals; recommend solutions to public health issues

82
Q

What is the US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

A

one of 8/9 uniformed services in the US; mission is to promote, protect, and advance the health and safety of the USA

83
Q

How is the US Surgeon General chosen?

A

appointed by the President

84
Q

Where does the US PH service commissioned corps work?

A

CDC, FDA, human resources and service administration, center for medicare service, indian health services, national institute of health

Public Health (17 decks)

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