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public health > Epidemiological Terms and Measures > Flashcards

Epidemiological Terms and Measures Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture Objectives

A

discuss the practical importance of epidemiology, define descriptive and analytic epidemiology, identify the measures of disease frequency and measures of association, review the distributions of key forms of visual impairment in the US, differentiate between levels of disease in a population

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2
Q

T/F disease is evenly distributed in the population

A

false

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems

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4
Q

What does epidemiology help us figure out?

A

who is at risk and why

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5
Q

Study

A

observing, recording, experimenting

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6
Q

Distribution

A

who, when, where

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7
Q

Determinants

A

why, how

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8
Q

health-related states

A

moves beyond the study of diseases

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9
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

pattern recognition; who, when, where

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10
Q

What does descriptive epidemiology generate?

A

measures of disease frequency

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11
Q

Rate

A

counting health events over time

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12
Q

Risk

A

likelihood of developing a disease

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13
Q

T/F descriptive epidemiology can be used to test hypotheses

A

false; can only generate hypotheses not test because there is no comparison group

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14
Q

What are general measures of disease frequency?

A

incidence rate, cumulative incidence aka cumulative risk, prevalence rate

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15
Q

What is the most fundamental measure of disease incidence?

A

incidence rate

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16
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

number of new cases per person-time of observation

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17
Q

What is person-time?

A

the amount of at-risk time each person contributes to the rate

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18
Q

What is the incidence rate equation?

A

new cases/ (person-time at risk)

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19
Q

What is cumulative incidence/risk?

A

risk of acquiring the disease within a defined period of time

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20
Q

What is the cumulative incidence/risk equation?

A

new cases/ total population at risk

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21
Q

T/F the longer the time period, the higher the cumulative incidence

A

true

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22
Q

T/F cumulative incidence/risk is given as a percentage

A

true

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23
Q

What is prevalence rate?

A

proportion of total cases in a population at one point in time

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24
Q

What is the prevalence rate equation?

A

P= incidence rate x average duration of disease

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25
Q

What is prevalence rate used for?

A

can be used for administration, planning, some research

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26
Q

If incidence rate goes up or survival time is long, prevalence is

A

high

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27
Q

If incidence is high but duration is short, prevalence is

A

relatively low

28
Q

Refractive error trends:

A

myopia>hyperopia, presbyopia very high, 1/3 Americans have astigmatism, 1/2 of US adults have <20/20 acuity due to a refractive error

29
Q

Leading cause of blindness in African Americans

A

glaucoma

30
Q

T/F AMD will decrease as population ages

A

false, it will increase

31
Q

T/F DM Retinopathy will increase as population gets older and fatter

A

true

32
Q

How does high prevalence help people plan for the future?

A

invest in OCT, telemedicine, fundus camera

33
Q

How many individuals permanently lose all or part of their vision due to injury each year?

A

50,000 70% under 25 years

34
Q

What are common causes of eye injury?

A

fireworks, DIY projects, sports and recreation, job related

35
Q

What are the most common pediatric sports and recreation-related eye injuries?

A

K abrasion, conjunctivitis, foreign body

36
Q

What are the top sports for eye injuries?

A

basketball, softball and baseball, non-powder guns

37
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

search for causes/factors that influence health-related events

38
Q

What are comparing groups for?

A

key factor to test hypotheses, generate measures of association between exposure and outcomes

39
Q

What are comparing groups?

A

demographics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposure, other risk factors

40
Q

What may determinants and analytic epidemiology lead to?

A

early intervention and recommended prevention measures

41
Q

Absolute risk

A

risk of a health event happening over a certain time period

42
Q

AR equation

A

AR= # of health events in a population/ total populations at risk

43
Q

Relative risk

A

risk of experiencing a health event based on group membership

44
Q

RR equation

A

RR= risk of population B/risk of population A; population A is usually lower incidence risk

45
Q

If RR=1, risk or prevalence is

A

equal between populations

46
Q

If RR >1, risk is

A

higher in population B

47
Q

Why is relative risk useful in a clinical setting?

A

it helps us assess patients for disease

48
Q

Relative risk, risk ratio, and odds ratios, provide a measure of the…

A

strength of the association between a factor and a disease or outcome

49
Q

Risk difference, or absolute risk, provides a measure of the…

A

public health impact of the risk factor and focusses on the number of cases that could potentially be prevented by eliminating the risk factor

50
Q

Epidemiology of disease helps predict what groups will account for the majority of cases, but the prevalence rates give us more of an idea of who is going to be at…

A

a higher risk among the population with a disease

51
Q

What is health?

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

52
Q

Morbidity

A

reported cases of disease, illness, disability; current health status of a population; predictive of future health problems and mortality rates

53
Q

Mortality

A

number of deaths in a population

54
Q

Progression of the study of disease

A

communicable, communicable and non, chronic diseases, health and well being

55
Q

Population

A

any group affected by a particular disease or disorder ex: zip code, city, state, nation occupation, ethnic group, social class

56
Q

Application

A

provides data for directing public health action

57
Q

Remember 3 core functions of public health

A

assessment and monitoring, formulating public policies, assurance

58
Q

Sporadic

A

occasional, irregular occurrence

59
Q

What are sporadic diseases?

A

likely due to some natural reservoir or host for the causative organism; acanthamoeba, food-borne disease, cruezfeld-jakob disease

60
Q

What are endemic diseases?

A

disease frequency is maintained without external inputs; cataracts, refractive error, common cold

61
Q

What is epidemic?

A

sudden increase in cases above endemic/baseline level; 1.645 standard deviations above the baseline of P&I deaths

62
Q

What is common source epidemic?

A

not transmissible; ex: chlorine gas leak

63
Q

What is propagated epidemic?

A

transmissible; infectious disease ex: EKC, norovirus, HIV, Ebola, COVID

64
Q

Example of non-infectious, long lasting epidemic

A

obesity

65
Q

What is pandemic?

A

epidemic affecting a wide area

66
Q

Can level of disease in a population change?

A

yes, sporadic becomes epidemic becomes pandemic OR epidemic becomes endemic

public health (17 decks)

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