Epidemiological Terms and Measures Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Lecture Objectives

discuss the practical importance of epidemiology, define descriptive and analytic epidemiology, identify the measures of disease frequency and measures of association, review the distributions of key forms of visual impairment in the US, differentiate between levels of disease in a population

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T/F disease is evenly distributed in the population

false

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Epidemiology

the study of the distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems

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What does epidemiology help us figure out?

who is at risk and why

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Study

observing, recording, experimenting

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Distribution

who, when, where

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Determinants

why, how

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health-related states

moves beyond the study of diseases

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What is descriptive epidemiology?

pattern recognition; who, when, where

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What does descriptive epidemiology generate?

measures of disease frequency

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Rate

counting health events over time

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Risk

likelihood of developing a disease

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T/F descriptive epidemiology can be used to test hypotheses

false; can only generate hypotheses not test because there is no comparison group

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What are general measures of disease frequency?

incidence rate, cumulative incidence aka cumulative risk, prevalence rate

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What is the most fundamental measure of disease incidence?

incidence rate

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What is incidence rate?

number of new cases per person-time of observation

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What is person-time?

the amount of at-risk time each person contributes to the rate

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What is the incidence rate equation?

new cases/ (person-time at risk)

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What is cumulative incidence/risk?

risk of acquiring the disease within a defined period of time

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What is the cumulative incidence/risk equation?

new cases/ total population at risk

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T/F the longer the time period, the higher the cumulative incidence

true

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T/F cumulative incidence/risk is given as a percentage

true

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What is prevalence rate?

proportion of total cases in a population at one point in time

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What is the prevalence rate equation?

P= incidence rate x average duration of disease

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What is prevalence rate used for?

can be used for administration, planning, some research

If incidence rate goes up or survival time is long, prevalence is

high

If incidence is high but duration is short, prevalence is

relatively low

Refractive error trends:

myopia>hyperopia, presbyopia very high, 1/3 Americans have astigmatism, 1/2 of US adults have <20/20 acuity due to a refractive error

Leading cause of blindness in African Americans

glaucoma

T/F AMD will decrease as population ages

false, it will increase

T/F DM Retinopathy will increase as population gets older and fatter

true

How does high prevalence help people plan for the future?

invest in OCT, telemedicine, fundus camera

How many individuals permanently lose all or part of their vision due to injury each year?

50,000 70% under 25 years

What are common causes of eye injury?

fireworks, DIY projects, sports and recreation, job related

What are the most common pediatric sports and recreation-related eye injuries?

K abrasion, conjunctivitis, foreign body

What are the top sports for eye injuries?

basketball, softball and baseball, non-powder guns

Analytic epidemiology

search for causes/factors that influence health-related events

What are comparing groups for?

key factor to test hypotheses, generate measures of association between exposure and outcomes

What are comparing groups?

demographics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposure, other risk factors

What may determinants and analytic epidemiology lead to?

early intervention and recommended prevention measures

Absolute risk

risk of a health event happening over a certain time period

AR equation

AR= # of health events in a population/ total populations at risk

Relative risk

risk of experiencing a health event based on group membership

RR equation

RR= risk of population B/risk of population A; population A is usually lower incidence risk

If RR=1, risk or prevalence is

equal between populations

If RR >1, risk is

higher in population B

Why is relative risk useful in a clinical setting?

it helps us assess patients for disease

Relative risk, risk ratio, and odds ratios, provide a measure of the...

strength of the association between a factor and a disease or outcome

Risk difference, or absolute risk, provides a measure of the...

public health impact of the risk factor and focusses on the number of cases that could potentially be prevented by eliminating the risk factor

Epidemiology of disease helps predict what groups will account for the majority of cases, but the prevalence rates give us more of an idea of who is going to be at...

a higher risk among the population with a disease

What is health?

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Morbidity

reported cases of disease, illness, disability; current health status of a population; predictive of future health problems and mortality rates

Mortality

number of deaths in a population

Progression of the study of disease

communicable, communicable and non, chronic diseases, health and well being

Population

any group affected by a particular disease or disorder ex: zip code, city, state, nation occupation, ethnic group, social class

Application

provides data for directing public health action

Remember 3 core functions of public health

assessment and monitoring, formulating public policies, assurance

Sporadic

occasional, irregular occurrence

What are sporadic diseases?

likely due to some natural reservoir or host for the causative organism; acanthamoeba, food-borne disease, cruezfeld-jakob disease

What are endemic diseases?

disease frequency is maintained without external inputs; cataracts, refractive error, common cold

What is epidemic?

sudden increase in cases above endemic/baseline level; 1.645 standard deviations above the baseline of P&I deaths

What is common source epidemic?

not transmissible; ex: chlorine gas leak

What is propagated epidemic?

transmissible; infectious disease ex: EKC, norovirus, HIV, Ebola, COVID

Example of non-infectious, long lasting epidemic

obesity

What is pandemic?

epidemic affecting a wide area

Can level of disease in a population change?

yes, sporadic becomes epidemic becomes pandemic OR epidemic becomes endemic