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Pathophys Block I > Intro to Pathophys and Basic Cellular Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathophys and Basic Cellular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

describe cell membrane composition

A

plasma membrane made up of phospholipid bilayer.

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2
Q

describe the features of phospholipids that make them capable of forming the cell membrane.

A

phospholipids are amphipathic (one portion hydrophilic, one portion hydrophobic).

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3
Q

what types of molecules can diffuse directly through the bilayer?

A

small, non-polar molecules

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4
Q

discuss the difference between steady state and equilibrium.

A

equilibrium is a passive process by which opposing gradients provide drive for movement of solutes. a system in steady state remains constant but requires continual work (energy).

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5
Q

describe how genetics can contribute to variations in normal

A

can predispose individuals to certain dieases

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6
Q

describe how age can contribute to variations in normal

A

newborns have immature immunes systems and are susceptible to infection. elderly have decrease immune function and are more susceptible to infection.

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7
Q

describe how stress can contribute to variations in normal

A

increases productions of steroid, decreases immune function

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8
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of how disease processes work to cause dysfunction

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9
Q

pathogenesis (discuss 3 stages)

A

development or creation of diseases

  1. cause
  2. abnormal function
  3. manifestation: signs/symptoms, how disease manifests
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10
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease OR study of the cause of diease

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11
Q

describe metabolic disease in general terms

A

born with or genetic predisposition to disease. problem with anabolism or catabolism, results in loss of hemostasis

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12
Q

describe congenital disease in general terms

A

base on an anomaly or defect present at birth

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13
Q

describe degenerative/drug induced disease in general terms

A

change to a lower level of function due to use, drugs

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14
Q

describe neoplastic disease in general terms

A

caused by malignant cell growth

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15
Q

describe immunologic/autoimmune disease in general terms

A

the body mounting a defense against a threat, which is sometimes the body’s own tissue

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16
Q

describe infectious/inflammatory disease in general terms

A

invasion of the body by disease-causing agents (causing rubor, dolor, tumor, calor, functio laesa)

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17
Q

list the 5 signs and symptoms of inflammation

A
  1. calor: heat
  2. rubor: redness
  3. tumor: swelling/edema
  4. dolor: pain
  5. functio laesa: loss of function
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18
Q

describe nutritional disease in general terms

A

pertains to intake of vital substances for the growth and maintenance of the body

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19
Q

describe genetic disease in general terms

A

disease caused by the phenotypic expression of genes. can be congenital or acquired.

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20
Q

describe psychological/somatic disease in general terms

A

coming from within the mind, unable to be traced back to physical location

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21
Q

describe iatrogenic disease in general terms

A

caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures

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22
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown origin

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23
Q

describe vascular disease in general terms

A

caused by the system which houses and transports blood through the body

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24
Q

describe organic disease in general terms

A

grounded in the physical nature of the body, nothing we can test for, could be somatic, no known cause

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25
Q

how does steady state help control cell volume?

A

cell volume changes depending on solute concentrations both in and out of the cell. steady state is continual work of both active and passive transport to maintain equilibrium. this often dictates a change in cell volume to account for solute concentrations both in and out of the cell.

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26
Q

discuss diffusion

A

does not require energy. movement of molecules across membrane, depending on charge and size. efficient over short distances

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27
Q

discuss facilitated diffusion

A

does not require energy. net flux is from high to low concentration. mediated by transport proteins that are specific for ligands. max rate of diffusion occurs at saturation

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28
Q

primary active transport

A

requires energy, moves molecules against concentration gradient, utilizes hydrolysis of ATP as energy. transport protein required, proteins are specific for molecules

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29
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses concentration gradient of Na+ to drive transport of a secondary molecule, indirectly requires ATP. requires escort molecule (e.g. Na+)

30
Q

tight junctions

A

trans-membrane proteins adhering to cell membranes of two adjacent epithelial cells. create barrier for molecule passage between cells

31
Q

apical membrane

A

faces lumen or duct

32
Q

basolateral membrane

A

faces interior of body

33
Q

discuss covalent modulation

A

change in receptor protein shape following chemical binding to the protein (e.g. phosphorylation)

34
Q

discuss allosteric modulation

A

change in receptor protein shape following binding of a modulator molecule.

35
Q

define signs

A

an objective finding by clinician, a sign of underlying disease

36
Q

define symptoms/symptom complexes

A

series of signs and symptoms grouped together without any consideration to their relationship to disease/illness

37
Q

syndrome

A

group of symptoms and signs indicative of an illness/disease

38
Q

describe the latent phase of disease

A

not active, cannot be seen. e.g. varicella zoster remains in nerve root gangion

39
Q

describe the incubation period of disease

A

period between exposure and development of signs and symptoms

40
Q

describe the prodrome period of disease

A

early symptom/sign that indicates onset of disease

41
Q

describe the acute phase of disease

A

sudden onset of signs and symptoms, short duration

42
Q

describe the subacute/subclinical phase of diease

A

somewhat rapid change, in between acute and chronic.

43
Q

describe the chronic phase of disease

A

gradual onset, insidious, longer than 6 months

44
Q

describe remission/reoccurrence of disease

A

temporary or permanent abatement of symptoms (remission). reoccurrence: symptoms/signs developing after remission.

45
Q

describe convalescnce

A

time spent recovering from an illness, medical treatment, or injury

46
Q

describe sequela (sequelae)

A

secondary conditions or illnesses, e.g. Kaposi’s sarcoma, secondary to AIDS

47
Q

describe endogenous/exogenous as it pertains to causing disease

A

endogenous: internal cause or origin
exogenous: caused by an agent outside of the body

48
Q

define epidemiology

A

study of the distribution, origin, and causes of disease within a community.

49
Q

where is the concentration of Na+ ions the greatest?

A

extracellular fluid

50
Q

where is the concentration of K+ ions the greatest?

A

intracellular fluid

51
Q

what is the energy transport mechanism that uses [Na+] to drive solute movement “uphill”?

A

secondary active transport

52
Q

explain Na+/glucose co-transport

A

small intestinal mucosa, Na+ moves down its concentration gradient into the cell brings glucose with it. glucose is moving up its concentration gradient.

53
Q

explain Na+/Ca2+ counter-transport/exchange

A

transport mechanism that uses Na+ gradient to move Ca2+ out of the cell by exchanging one Na+ into the cell for 3 Ca2+ ions out of the cell.

54
Q

in general, what is trancellular epithelial transport?

A

movement of molecules from luminal to basolateral sides of cell by traveling through cells

55
Q

what is paracellular transport and what is the limitation to this type of transport?

A

movement of molecules from luminal to basolateral sides of cell by traveling between cells. movement of molecules depends on size and the degree of space between adjacent cells that are connected by tight junctions

56
Q

what type of pump is always on the basolateral membrane and helps to establish the polarity of epithelial cells?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pumps

57
Q

what type of transport is utilized by symporters/antiporters?

A

secondary active transport

58
Q

what is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?

A

both are forms of secondary active transport. symporter moves two molecules across a membrane in the same direction, antiporters move two molecules across a membrane in opposite directions (e.g. one goes in, one goes out)

59
Q

what would happen to a cell placed in iso-osmotic solution?

A

volume stays the same, solution has the same solute concentration as intracellular environment

60
Q

what would happen to a cell placed in hypo-osmotic solution?

A

extracellular soution has a lower solute concentration than intracellular environment, the cell volume would increase as water flows into the cell

61
Q

what would happen to a cell placed in hyper-osmotic solution?

A

extracellular solution has a higher solute concentration than intracellular environment, the cell volume would decrease as water flows out of the cell

62
Q

what processes are involved in endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

63
Q

give an example of how secondary transport (luminal) and facilitated diffusion (basolateral) can be used to move substance X across an epithelial cell

A

on the luminal side, Na+ concentration gradient is used to symport Na+ and X into the cell (down Na+ concentration gradient). on the basolateral side, facilitated diffusion (via protein channel that does NOT require energy) carries X out of the cell down it’s concentration gradient.

64
Q

explain how Na+ is moved from luminal side to basolateral side via transcellular mechanisms.

A

Nat+ enters the cell via diffusion through Na+ channel (passive process, down concentration gradient). to exit the cell on the basolateral side, Na+ must go up its concentration gradient, which requires active transport (hydrolysis of ATP).

65
Q

how do endo and exocytosis play a role in cell membrane recycling?

A

pinching off portions of the membrane consistently to allow repair and replacement.

66
Q

discuss the process and location of action for lipid soluble first messengers

A

able to cross cell membranes. bind to receptors inside target cells, activated receptors act as transcription factors.

67
Q

discuss the process and location of action for water-soluble first messengers

A

bind to receptors on the plasma membrane. induces activation of secondary messengers.

68
Q

name two common second messengers that were discussed in our objectives

A

cAMP and Ca2+

69
Q

discuss the mechanism of Ca2+ as a second messenger

A

normal Ca2+ levels in the cytosol are low. binding of some hormones and signal molecules can cause spikes in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Ca2+ can bind to calmodulin which in turn activates or inhibits a variety of proteins. Ca2+ can also combine with other proteins (same basic mechanism as activation of calmodulin). Ca2+ can also combine with and directly alter response proteins.

70
Q

discuss the mechanism of cAMP as a second messenger

A

cAMP binds to cAMP dependent protein kinase (AKA protein kinase A or PKA), which then phosphorylates proteins downstream in the signal cascade.

71
Q

what are eicosanoids? how are they produced?

A

family of chemicals produced from arachidonic acid.

  1. synthesis is activated by hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine agents, drugs or toxic agents binding to appropriate membrane bound receptor
  2. this activates phospholipase A2 to release arachidonic acid from the membrane phospholipids
  3. arachidonic acid is either metabolized by cycloxygenase (produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes) or lipoxygenase (produces leukotrienes)
72
Q

what common drugs affect eicosanoid production?

A
  1. aspirin (inhibits cyclooxygenase) stops production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
  2. NAIDSs also inhibit cyclooxygenase
  3. adrenal steroids are used in large doses as anti0inflammatory drugs and inactivate phospholipase A (therefore stopping production of ALL eicosanoids)

Pathophys Block I (8 decks)

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