Cell Injury & Repair/ Cellular Death

Question 1

describe changes in cells morphology after undergoing apoptosis

Answer 1

cells contain fragments called apoptotic bodies upon magnification.

Question 2

describe changes in cell morphology in necrosis

Answer 2

cells lack nucleii, in muscle cells, there is a lack of striation/structure definition

Question 3

exudate

Answer 3

inflammatory extravascular fluid containing high levels of protein, cellular debris, and a specific gravity higher than water.

Question 4

transudate

Answer 4

ultrafiltrate of plasma resulting from hydrostatic imbalance across vascular endothelium, containing low amts. of protein, specific gravity is higher than water, lower than that of exudate

Question 5

exudation

Answer 5

escape of fluid, proteins, blood cells from vascular system into interstitial tissue or body cavities

Question 6

pus

Answer 6

purulent inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and parenchymal cell debris

Question 7

edema

Answer 7

excess fluid in interstitial areas/body cavities from exudate OR transudate

Question 8

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 8

pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria cause injury and death to tissue by signaling to WBCs that surrounding tissue needs to be destroyed

Question 9

coagulation necrosis

Answer 9

occurs when proteins w/i denature. most common cause is hypoxia from ischemia(lack of blood flow to an area)

Question 10

autolysis

Answer 10

self-digestion of a cell following death through lysosomes (containing lytic enzymes)

Question 11

necrosis

Answer 11

section of dead tissue, diagnosed according to structural changes of cell following death.

Question 12

caseous necrosis

Answer 12

often associated with TB bacteria and granulomatous infections. looks different from coagulative necrosis because tissue structure is lost. tissue becomes amorphous and becomes firm and “cheesy” in consistancy.

Question 13

fat necrosis

Answer 13

breakdown of fat into fatty acids from release of adjacent organs (e.g. pancreas). fatty acids combine with calcium to form chalky deposits.

Question 14

gummatous necrosis

Answer 14

tissue death from infections. tissue firm w/ necrotic gummy center, surrounded by inflamed tissue. most often found in liver and in response to syphilis.

Question 15

fat saponification

Answer 15

white chalky areas seen w/i fat, indicating fat necrosis.

Question 16

wet gangrene

Answer 16

death of tissue due to bacterial infection. usually presents as swelling, blistering, and a wet appearance. burn injuries and trauma.

Question 17

dry gangrene

Answer 17

gangrene caused by lack of oxygen to the affected area. examples diabetes, frostbite. not associated w/ infection. can lead to wet gangrene if left for a long time.

Question 18

atrophy

Answer 18

decrease in size or number of cells.

Question 19

physiologic atrophy

Answer 19

occurs due to normal stressor (decrease in size of uterus after pregnancy)

Question 20

pathologic atrophy

Answer 20

occurs due to abnormal stressor, loss of blood supply, innervation, loss of endocrine stimulus, disuse, mechanical

Question 21

hypertrophy

Answer 21

increase in size of cell, results in increased organ size. may not be distinguishable grossly from hyperplasia.

Question 22

hyperplasia

Answer 22

increase in number of cells (only cells that can divide undergo hyperplasia. does NOT occur in neurons. may not be distinguishable grossly from hypertrophy.

Question 23

physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 23

occurs due to normal stressor. increase in the size of cells.

Question 24

pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 24

occurs due to abnormal stressor. increase in the size of cells.

Question 25

physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 25

occurs due to normal stressor. increase in number of cells.

Question 26

pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 26

occurs due to abnormal stressor. increase in number of cells

Question 27

metaplasia

Answer 27

change of epithelium from one kind to another. (e.g. Barrett’s esophagus)

Question 28

dysplasia

Answer 28

abnormal alteration in a tissue due to to function abnormality of the cells. could be increased/decreased size or abnormalities in cell structure.

Question 29

anaplasia

Answer 29

loss of cellular microscopic features (structure) that distinguish cell types.

Question 30

degeneration

Answer 30

an injury to a cell that provides a change in normal chemical processes but that is mild or reversible, some function remains

Question 31

hypoxia

Answer 31

less than normal amount of oxygen reaching cells

Question 32

anoxia

Answer 32

compete deprivation of oxygen due to lack of blood supply to tissue

Question 33

ischemia

Answer 33

diminished blood supply

Question 34

induction

Answer 34

to cause of produce

Question 35

effector

Answer 35

a cell that carries out the final response of function of a particular process

Question 36

degredation

Answer 36

physical, metabolic, or chemical change from a more complex form to a less complex form

Question 37

phagocytic

Answer 37

cells that take particles and substances into themselves for destruction

Question 38

what are the 7 general causes of cellular injury?

Answer 38

1. hypoxia
2. chemical agents
3. physical agents
4. infections and immunological rxns
5. genetic defects
6. nutritional defects
7. aging

Question 39

discuss irreversible cell injury generally and name the 2 factors to determine if a cell is irreversibly damaged.

Answer 39

results in cell death, by apoptosis or necrosis.

1. cell membrane disruption 2. inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction.

Question 40

what are the 3 microscopic changes that determine irreversible cell injury?

Answer 40

1. karyolysis (fading away of nucleus)
2. pyknosis (shrinking of nucleus)
3. karyorrhexis (fragmentation of nucleus)

Question 41

give examples of cellular injury related to free radicals

Answer 41

2. lipid peroxidation: damages cell membrane
3. DNA fragmentation
4. protein cross-linking