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Pathophys Block I > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

obligate aerobe

A

require oxygen to survive

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2
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

prefer oxygenated environments, but can survive w/o oxygen if necessary

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3
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

can not live or grow in the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

describe the characteristics of a gram + cell envelope (inner to outer)

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane of phospholipids with embedded proteins
  2. THICK peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
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5
Q

describe the characteristics of a gram - cell envelope (inner to outer)

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane of phospholipids with embedded proteins
  2. periplasmic space with gel containing proteins and enzymes
  3. THIN peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
  4. outer membrane made of phospholipid layer (inner layer is called lipid A, outer layer contains LPSs)
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6
Q

what color to gram + bacteria stain? gram -?

A

gram +: violet

gram -: red

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7
Q

define pathogenicity

A

ability of a pathogen to produce a disease

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8
Q

define virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the

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9
Q

define lethal dose

A

the number of organisms required to cause death

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10
Q

define infective dose

A

the number of organisms required to cause infection

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11
Q

define antigenic switching

A

the altering of a microorganism’s surface antigens through genetic rearrangement, to elude detection by the host

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12
Q

describe the differences between streptococcus and staphlococcus when looking under a microscope

A

steptococcus: form strips of cocci
staphlococcus: forms cluster of cocci

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13
Q

what are the clinical applications of knowing if an infection is from G+ vs a G- bacteria colony?

A

antibiotics that attempt to damage the peptidoglycan cell wall will not be able to penetrate the outer membrane in G- bacteria and therefore will not be effective at treating infections caused G- bacteria. (example: penicillin or lysozyme)

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14
Q

what portion of the G- bacteria is considered pathogenic? what does this mean?

A

the LPS layer, it can be used to ID the type of bacterium

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15
Q

define exotoxin

A

proteins released by both G+ and G- that cause disease

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16
Q

define endotoxin

A

LPS is synonymous with endotoxin. LPS makes up the outer layer of the cell wall in G- bacteria. this layer provides virulence. endotoxin simply means that the bacteria is not secreting anything toxic, but rather is toxic by the nature of its structure.

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17
Q

define virulence factors

A

characters of a bacterium that increase its pathogenicity

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18
Q

indicate three bacteria that use endotoxins as a virulence factor

A
  1. Vibrio cholerae
  2. Escherichia coli
  3. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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19
Q

discuss the features of an acid-fast bacterium

A

unique cell walls that contain “waxy” lipid called mycolic acid. stain red using acid-fast stain.

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20
Q

give two examples of typical acid-fast bacteria

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

2. Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

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21
Q

give three examples of G- rods

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Vibrio cholerae
  3. Yersinia pestis
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22
Q

give two examples of G-cocci

A
  1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2. Neisseria meningitidis

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23
Q

give three examples of G+ rods

A
  1. Listeria monocytogenes
  2. Clostridium botulinium
  3. Clostridium difficile
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24
Q

give two examples of G+ cocci

A
  1. Staphlococcus aureaus

2. Strephtococcus pneumonia

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25
Q

give two examples of spirochetes

A
  1. Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

2. Leptospira interrogans

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26
Q

give three example of an obligate intracellular parasites

A
  1. Rickettsia rickettsii
  2. Listeria monocytogenes
  3. Treponema pallidum
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27
Q

what is an example of a group of bacteria without a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

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28
Q

give two examples of spore-forming bacteria

A
  1. Clostridium (G+, anaerobic)

2. Bacillus (G+, aerobic)

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29
Q

what are spores?

A

metabolically dormant forms of bacteria, resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemical agents

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30
Q

name three diseases that are caused by endotoxins

A
  1. septic shock
  2. septicemia (infiltration of blood by N. meningitidis)
  3. meningitis (movement of N. meningitidis into meninges
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31
Q

discuss and define transmissibility

A

method of entry for infection of a host (e.g. cut, respiratory tract, GI, urogenital)

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32
Q

discuss bacterial adherence to host cells

A

ability of bacteria to attach to the host via pili, fimbriae, other adhesion molecules

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33
Q

define toxigenicity

A

ability of bacteria to generate disease in the host via exo or endotoxins

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34
Q

discuss a key way that bacteria can evade a host’s immune system

A

via antigenic switching: changing surface antigens by turning on/off genes

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35
Q

Escherichia coli morphology

A

GN, rod, facultative anaerobe

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36
Q

E. coli S/S

A

Main: UTI and diarrhea

Other: meningitis in infants, sepsis

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37
Q

E. coli pathogenicity

A

pili, fimbrae, enterotoxin (exotoxin)

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38
Q

add three important human diseases that can be caused by endotoxins

A
  1. septic shock
  2. septicemia
  3. meningitis
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39
Q

E. coli diagnostic work up

A

culture

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40
Q

E. coli Tx

A

antibiotics, send for sensitivities

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41
Q

Vibrio cholerae morphology

A

GN rod, comma shaped

42
Q

Vibrio cholerae S/S

A

Main: massive diarrhea

43
Q

Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity

A

enterotoxin (type of EXOtoxin)

44
Q

Vibrio cholerae diagnostic work up

A

culture, oxidase+

45
Q

oxydase test

A

assists in differentiating groups of GN bacteria

46
Q

Vibrio cholerae Tx

A

water, doxycycline, electrolytes

47
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae morphology

A

GN, diplococci, kidney bean shaped, aerobic

48
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae S/S

A

Main: gonorrhea- purulent discharge, urethritis, dysuria

Other: blindness, septic arthritis

49
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenicity

A

pili, unencapsulated

50
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnostic work up

A

culture, oxidase+

51
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Tx

A

ceftriaxone

52
Q

Yersinia pestis morphology

A

GN, rod

53
Q

Yersinia pestis S/S

A

Main: plague

54
Q

Yersinia pestis transmission

A

transmitted by fleas w/i an animal resevoir

55
Q

Yersinia pestis pathogenicity

A

multiplies in phagocytes

56
Q

Yersinia pestis diagnostic work up

A

culture of aspirate

57
Q

Yersinia Y. pestis Tx

A

Streptomycin

58
Q

Clostridium botulinum morphology

A

GP, rod, obligate anareobe

59
Q

Clostridium botulinum S/S

A

Main: flacid paralysis

60
Q

Clostridium botulinum pathogenicity

A

form endospores, neurotoxin, inhibits release of AcH

61
Q

Clostridium botulinum diagnostic work up

A

clinical presentation, anaerobic culture

62
Q

Clostridium botulinum Tx

A

antitoxin horse serum administration

63
Q

Treponema pallidum morphology

A

GN, spirochete

64
Q

chancre

A

herald patch of syphilis

65
Q

Treponema pallidum S/S

A

Main: syphilis

66
Q

Treponema pallidum pathogenicity

A

parasite, exotoxin, highly motile

67
Q

Treponema pallidum diagnostic work up

A

blood serum test, does NOT show up on a gram stain

68
Q

Treponema pallidum Tx

A

penicillin

69
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis morphology

A

mycobacterium (acid-fast)

70
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis S/S

A

Main: tuberculosis

71
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity

A

survives and grows in host macrophages

72
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnostic workup

A

acid-fast stain, nucleic acid probes

73
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tx

A

multiple drug therapy, long course of combined antibiotic Tx

74
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii morphology

A

GN, stains poorly, short rod, obligate intracellular parasite

75
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii S/S

A

Main: Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, fever, malaise, rash, begins on extremities, then goes all over

76
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii diagnostic work up

A

parasitizes host endothelial cells throughout circulatory system, serology, grows only inside living host cells

77
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii Tx

A

doxycycline

78
Q

catalase test

A

important to differentiate between different types of GP bacteria

79
Q

Staphlococcus aureus morphology

A

GP, cocci, clusters

80
Q

Staphlococcus aureus S/S

A

Main: TSS (fever, hypotension, rash)

Other: skin infections, UTI, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, arthritis

81
Q

Staphlococcus aureus pathogenesis

A

cell wall enzymes, coagulase and catalase+, exotxins

82
Q

Staphlococcus aureus diagnostic work ups

A

gram stain, coagulase, catalase

83
Q

Staphlococcus aureus Tx

A

antibiotic and I&D

84
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia morphology

A

GP, cocci, strips/chains, can be diplococci

85
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia S/S

A

Main: pneumonia

Other: bacterial meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, sepsis

86
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia pathogenicity

A

alpha hemolytic, capsule, pili, choline binding, protiein A

87
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia diagnostic work up

A

culture, light microscope

88
Q

Steptococcus pneumonia Tx

A

antibiotics

89
Q

Listeria monocytogenes morphology

A

GP, rods, diplococci or short chains, aerobic

90
Q

Listeria monocytogenes S/S

A

Main: food poisoning

Other: meningitis, sepsis, spontaneous abortions

91
Q

Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis

A

enters cell by phagocytosis, obligate intracellular parasite, membrane degrading phospholipase (listerialysis)

92
Q

Listeria monocytogenes diagnostic work up

A

blood and CSF cultures, catalase+, beta hemolytic, positive motility

93
Q

Listeria monocytogenes Tx

A

ampicillin and bactrim

94
Q

normal flora of the skin

A

staph aureus

95
Q

normal flora of the mouth

A

streptococci, lactobacilli, staphlococci, corynebacteria (great number of anaerobic bacteria)

96
Q

normal flora of the nares

A

mostly coagulase - staph and corynebactera, staph aureus

97
Q

normal flora of the nasopharynx

A

mostly strep and neisseria species, also strep penumoniae, s. pyrogenes, haemophilus, influenzae and neisseria meningitidis

98
Q

normal flora of the GI tract and retum

A

enterobacteria (many types)

99
Q

normal flora of the genitalia

A

corynebacteria, staphlococci, streptococci, E. coli, lactobacilli (contributes to low pH and inhibits colonization by other bacilli)

100
Q

normal flora of the eye/conjunctiva

A

mostly coagulase- staph; corynebacteria, occasional s. aureus, strep, haemophilus, neisseria

101
Q

normal flora of the urinary bladder and anterior urethra

A

coagulase- staph, enterococcus, viridans, strep. GI bacteria and corynebacteria

Pathophys Block I (8 decks)

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