Intro to Pathology Flashcards
Measurable or objective manifestations
Signs
Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations.
Symptoms
Disease caused by physician or treatment.
Iatrogenic
Infections contracted in the acute care facility.
Nosocomial infections
Infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility.
Community-acquired infections.
Underlying cause is unknown
Idiopathic
The five clinical sign of acute inflammation are:
rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.
Initial response of the tissue to local injury.
Inflammation
Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location.
Permeable membrane
Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue
Granulation tissue
Localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid.
Abscess
Potential involvement of other organs and tissue in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels.
Bacteremia
Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.
Edema
Generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body.
Anasarca
Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema.
Elephantiasis
Study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems.
pathology
Pattern of body’s response to some form of injury.
Disease
Causes of disease:
Hereditary, trauma, infections, vascular or metabolic processes.
Events that occur in inflammatory response:
Alteration in blood flow
Migration of white blood cells
Digestion of dead cells and tissue
Repair of injury
A fibrous, tumor-like scar produced by strong connective tissue:
Keloid
Localized area of chronic inflammation:
Granuloma
Generalized edema occurs most frequently in its with:
Congestive heart failure
Cirrohosis
Renal disease
Interference with blood supply to organ or part of the organ:
Ischemia
What happens to cells and tissues during ischemia?
they become deprived of oxygen and nutrients
Ischemia is caused by:
Narrowing of arterial structures such as atheroscleerosis, or thrombotic occlusion (clot) or embolic occlusion.
localized area of ischemic necrosis within tissue or organ:
infarct
Infarct can be produced by:
occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage.
Most common forms of infarcts:
myocardial and pulmonary.
Progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually:
necrosis.
Necrosis results from:
lack of blood flow.
Necrosis commonly occurs in:
Elderly its with advanced artherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function.
Periods after surgery and delivery.
Rupture of blood vessels (internal or external):
Hemorrhage
Internal hemorrhage:
trapped within body tissues. Known as hematoma.
reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue:
atrophy
Stenosis of renal artery which leads to atrophy of kidney is an example of what kind of atrophy?
Pathologic and irreversible
Atrophy caused by Immobilization of limb from being in a cast is an example of what?
reversible atrophy.
increase in size of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function:
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells:
Hyperplasia
Caffey’s disease, an inflammatory disorder in infants that results in new growth formation, is an example of what?
Hyperplasia
Loss in uniformity of individual cells:
Dysplasia
Dysplasia is caused by:
prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation.
Smoking may cause ______ of lung tissue.
dysplasia
Abnormal proliferation of cells. “new growth”
Newplasia
Neoplasms are commonly called:
tumors
weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
cachexia
study of neoplasms:
oncology
tumors that resemble their cells of origin in structure and function are called:
benign
Benign tumors remain _______ and can be ______.
localized/surgically removed.
- Invade & destroy adjacent tissue of organs
- Spread to distant sites
- Cause death
- Poorly differentiated - cannot determine origin
- Referred to as cancers
Malignant tumors
Naming of benign tumors:
cell type + “oma.”
Firbroma
Chondroma
Adenoma
Naming of malignant tumors:
cell type + “carcinoma”
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma (?)
Malignant tumors are:
undifferentiated or anaplastic (without form)
Diffuse spread of cancers. Occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity:
Seeding
Major metastatic route of carcinomas:
Lymphatic spread (through the lymph system)
Hematogenous spread of cancers:
- tumor cells invade blood vessels
- travel as little cancer emboli
- become trapped in vascular channels of distant organs
- cancer spreads in adjacent tissue
- cancers usually spread from primary site to closest organ
how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy (whether or not it will respond to therapy):
grading
extensiveness of cancer at primary stie and whether or not it has metastasized yet:
staging
study of determinants of disease events in given populations:
epidemiology
rate that an illness of abnormality occurs:
morbidity
reflects the number of deaths by decease per population:
mortality
Passes from one generation to next through genetic info, shows us there is abnormality in DNA.
Hereditary diseases
Most common abnormality (hereditary)
enzyme deficiency (ex: albinism)
alterations in DNA:
mutations. Result of radiation, chemicals or viruses.
defense against invading organisms:
immune system
foreign substances that body fights off:
antigens (bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc)
produced by body to fight off antigens:
antibodies
When antibodies are produced a person becomes _____ to antigen.
immune
Antibodies are formed in:
Lymph tissue, thymus, and spleen
Immunity can be acquired by:
naturally by exposure (measles) or artificially my immunization (which stimulates the body to produce antibodies)
Impairment of cellular immunity
Affects the lungs, GI tract, and CNS
Pulmonary infections very common
Neurologic symptoms (dementia)
AIDS
Involves most of jejunum - takes over system by system
Kaposi’s sarcoma
protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person:
Standard precautions
gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents:
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission
Transmission-based precautions
