Intro to Pathology Flashcards by Christine Davis

Measurable or objective manifestations

Signs

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Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations.

Symptoms

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Disease caused by physician or treatment.

Iatrogenic

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Infections contracted in the acute care facility.

Nosocomial infections

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Infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility.

Community-acquired infections.

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Underlying cause is unknown

Idiopathic

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The five clinical sign of acute inflammation are:

rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.

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Initial response of the tissue to local injury.

Inflammation

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Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location.

Permeable membrane

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Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue

Granulation tissue

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Localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid.

Abscess

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Potential involvement of other organs and tissue in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels.

Bacteremia

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Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

Edema

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Generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body.

Anasarca

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Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema.

Elephantiasis

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Study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems.

pathology

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Pattern of body’s response to some form of injury.

Disease

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Causes of disease:

Hereditary, trauma, infections, vascular or metabolic processes.

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Events that occur in inflammatory response:

Alteration in blood flow
Migration of white blood cells
Digestion of dead cells and tissue
Repair of injury

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A fibrous, tumor-like scar produced by strong connective tissue:

Keloid

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Localized area of chronic inflammation:

Granuloma

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Generalized edema occurs most frequently in its with:

Congestive heart failure
Cirrohosis
Renal disease

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Interference with blood supply to organ or part of the organ:

Ischemia

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What happens to cells and tissues during ischemia?

they become deprived of oxygen and nutrients

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Ischemia is caused by:

Narrowing of arterial structures such as atheroscleerosis, or thrombotic occlusion (clot) or embolic occlusion.

localized area of ischemic necrosis within tissue or organ:

infarct

Infarct can be produced by:

occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage.

Most common forms of infarcts:

myocardial and pulmonary.

Progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually:

necrosis.

Necrosis results from:

lack of blood flow.

Necrosis commonly occurs in:

Elderly its with advanced artherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function. Periods after surgery and delivery.

Rupture of blood vessels (internal or external):

Hemorrhage

Internal hemorrhage:

trapped within body tissues. Known as hematoma.

reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue:

atrophy

Stenosis of renal artery which leads to atrophy of kidney is an example of what kind of atrophy?

Pathologic and irreversible

Atrophy caused by Immobilization of limb from being in a cast is an example of what?

reversible atrophy.

increase in *size* of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function:

Hypertrophy

Increase in *number* of cells:

Hyperplasia

Caffey's disease, an inflammatory disorder in infants that results in new growth formation, is an example of what?

Hyperplasia

Loss in uniformity of individual cells:

Dysplasia

Dysplasia is caused by:

prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation.

Smoking may cause ______ of lung tissue.

dysplasia

Abnormal proliferation of cells. "new growth"

Newplasia

Neoplasms are commonly called:

tumors

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

cachexia

study of neoplasms:

oncology

tumors that resemble their cells of origin in structure and function are called:

benign

Benign tumors remain _______ and can be ______.

localized/surgically removed.

- Invade & destroy adjacent tissue of organs - Spread to distant sites - Cause death - Poorly differentiated - cannot determine origin - Referred to as cancers

Malignant tumors

Naming of benign tumors:

cell type + "oma." Firbroma Chondroma Adenoma

Naming of malignant tumors:

cell type + "carcinoma" Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma (?)

Malignant tumors are:

undifferentiated or anaplastic (without form)

Diffuse spread of cancers. Occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity:

Seeding

Major metastatic route of carcinomas:

Lymphatic spread (through the lymph system)

Hematogenous spread of cancers:

- tumor cells invade blood vessels - travel as little cancer emboli - become trapped in vascular channels of distant organs - cancer spreads in adjacent tissue - cancers usually spread from primary site to closest organ

how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy (whether or not it will respond to therapy):

grading

extensiveness of cancer at primary stie and whether or not it has metastasized yet:

staging

study of determinants of disease events in given populations:

epidemiology

rate that an illness of abnormality occurs:

morbidity

reflects the number of deaths by decease per population:

mortality

Passes from one generation to next through genetic info, shows us there is abnormality in DNA.

Hereditary diseases

Most common abnormality (hereditary)

enzyme deficiency (ex: albinism)

alterations in DNA:

mutations. Result of radiation, chemicals or viruses.

defense against invading organisms:

immune system

foreign substances that body fights off:

antigens (bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc)

produced by body to fight off antigens:

antibodies

When antibodies are produced a person becomes _____ to antigen.

immune

Antibodies are formed in:

Lymph tissue, thymus, and spleen

Immunity can be acquired by:

naturally by exposure (measles) or artificially my immunization (which stimulates the body to produce antibodies)

Impairment of cellular immunity Affects the lungs, GI tract, and CNS Pulmonary infections very common Neurologic symptoms (dementia)

AIDS

Involves most of jejunum - takes over system by system

Kaposi's sarcoma

protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person:

Standard precautions

gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission

Transmission-based precautions