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Radiographic Pathology > Intro to Pathology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Measurable or objective manifestations

A

Signs

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2
Q

Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations.

A

Symptoms

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3
Q

Disease caused by physician or treatment.

A

Iatrogenic

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4
Q

Infections contracted in the acute care facility.

A

Nosocomial infections

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5
Q

Infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility.

A

Community-acquired infections.

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6
Q

Underlying cause is unknown

A

Idiopathic

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7
Q

The five clinical sign of acute inflammation are:

A

rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.

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8
Q

Initial response of the tissue to local injury.

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location.

A

Permeable membrane

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10
Q

Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue

A

Granulation tissue

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11
Q

Localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid.

A

Abscess

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12
Q

Potential involvement of other organs and tissue in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels.

A

Bacteremia

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13
Q

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

A

Edema

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14
Q

Generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body.

A

Anasarca

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15
Q

Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema.

A

Elephantiasis

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16
Q

Study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems.

A

pathology

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17
Q

Pattern of body’s response to some form of injury.

A

Disease

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18
Q

Causes of disease:

A

Hereditary, trauma, infections, vascular or metabolic processes.

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19
Q

Events that occur in inflammatory response:

A

Alteration in blood flow
Migration of white blood cells
Digestion of dead cells and tissue
Repair of injury

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20
Q

A fibrous, tumor-like scar produced by strong connective tissue:

A

Keloid

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21
Q

Localized area of chronic inflammation:

A

Granuloma

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22
Q

Generalized edema occurs most frequently in its with:

A

Congestive heart failure
Cirrohosis
Renal disease

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23
Q

Interference with blood supply to organ or part of the organ:

A

Ischemia

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24
Q

What happens to cells and tissues during ischemia?

A

they become deprived of oxygen and nutrients

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25
Q

Ischemia is caused by:

A

Narrowing of arterial structures such as atheroscleerosis, or thrombotic occlusion (clot) or embolic occlusion.

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26
Q

localized area of ischemic necrosis within tissue or organ:

A

infarct

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27
Q

Infarct can be produced by:

A

occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage.

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28
Q

Most common forms of infarcts:

A

myocardial and pulmonary.

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29
Q

Progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually:

A

necrosis.

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30
Q

Necrosis results from:

A

lack of blood flow.

31
Q

Necrosis commonly occurs in:

A

Elderly its with advanced artherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function.
Periods after surgery and delivery.

32
Q

Rupture of blood vessels (internal or external):

A

Hemorrhage

33
Q

Internal hemorrhage:

A

trapped within body tissues. Known as hematoma.

34
Q

reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue:

A

atrophy

35
Q

Stenosis of renal artery which leads to atrophy of kidney is an example of what kind of atrophy?

A

Pathologic and irreversible

36
Q

Atrophy caused by Immobilization of limb from being in a cast is an example of what?

A

reversible atrophy.

37
Q

increase in size of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function:

A

Hypertrophy

38
Q

Increase in number of cells:

A

Hyperplasia

39
Q

Caffey’s disease, an inflammatory disorder in infants that results in new growth formation, is an example of what?

A

Hyperplasia

40
Q

Loss in uniformity of individual cells:

A

Dysplasia

41
Q

Dysplasia is caused by:

A

prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation.

42
Q

Smoking may cause ______ of lung tissue.

A

dysplasia

43
Q

Abnormal proliferation of cells. “new growth”

A

Newplasia

44
Q

Neoplasms are commonly called:

A

tumors

45
Q

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

A

cachexia

46
Q

study of neoplasms:

A

oncology

47
Q

tumors that resemble their cells of origin in structure and function are called:

A

benign

48
Q

Benign tumors remain _______ and can be ______.

A

localized/surgically removed.

49
Q
  • Invade & destroy adjacent tissue of organs
  • Spread to distant sites
  • Cause death
  • Poorly differentiated - cannot determine origin
  • Referred to as cancers
A

Malignant tumors

50
Q

Naming of benign tumors:

A

cell type + “oma.”
Firbroma
Chondroma
Adenoma

51
Q

Naming of malignant tumors:

A

cell type + “carcinoma”
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma (?)

52
Q

Malignant tumors are:

A

undifferentiated or anaplastic (without form)

53
Q

Diffuse spread of cancers. Occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity:

A

Seeding

54
Q

Major metastatic route of carcinomas:

A

Lymphatic spread (through the lymph system)

55
Q

Hematogenous spread of cancers:

A
  • tumor cells invade blood vessels
  • travel as little cancer emboli
  • become trapped in vascular channels of distant organs
  • cancer spreads in adjacent tissue
  • cancers usually spread from primary site to closest organ
56
Q

how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy (whether or not it will respond to therapy):

A

grading

57
Q

extensiveness of cancer at primary stie and whether or not it has metastasized yet:

A

staging

58
Q

study of determinants of disease events in given populations:

A

epidemiology

59
Q

rate that an illness of abnormality occurs:

A

morbidity

60
Q

reflects the number of deaths by decease per population:

A

mortality

61
Q

Passes from one generation to next through genetic info, shows us there is abnormality in DNA.

A

Hereditary diseases

62
Q

Most common abnormality (hereditary)

A

enzyme deficiency (ex: albinism)

63
Q

alterations in DNA:

A

mutations. Result of radiation, chemicals or viruses.

64
Q

defense against invading organisms:

A

immune system

65
Q

foreign substances that body fights off:

A

antigens (bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc)

66
Q

produced by body to fight off antigens:

A

antibodies

67
Q

When antibodies are produced a person becomes _____ to antigen.

A

immune

68
Q

Antibodies are formed in:

A

Lymph tissue, thymus, and spleen

69
Q

Immunity can be acquired by:

A

naturally by exposure (measles) or artificially my immunization (which stimulates the body to produce antibodies)

70
Q

Impairment of cellular immunity
Affects the lungs, GI tract, and CNS
Pulmonary infections very common
Neurologic symptoms (dementia)

A

AIDS

71
Q

Involves most of jejunum - takes over system by system

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

72
Q

protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person:

A

Standard precautions

73
Q

gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents:

A

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

74
Q

Additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission

A

Transmission-based precautions

Radiographic Pathology (5 decks)

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