intro to organic chemistry Flashcards
define empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compund
define molecular formula
the true number of atoms of each element in a compund
define general formula
all members of a homologous organic series follow the general formula
define structural formula
shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule
define displayed formula
shows every atom and every bond in an organic compund
define skeletal formula
shows only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms
vertices are carbon atoms
hydrogen is assumed to be bonded to them unless stated otherwise
characteristics of homologous series
members follow a general formula and react in a very similar way, each concestivitve member differs by CH2 and there is an increase in boiling points as chain length increases
prefixes of carbon chains up to 6 carbon atoms
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
define functional group
atom/group of atoms on a molecule that changes chemical propeties
define structural isomerism
molecule which have the same molecular formula different structural formula
types of structural isomerism and there definitions
positional isomerism- molecules with the same molecular formulas but which have the functional group on different positions in the molecule
chain isomerism- molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of carbon atoms
functional group isomerism- molecules with the same molecular formula but different functional groups
define steroiisomerim
same molecular and structural formula but atoms occupy different position in space
type of sterioiomerims and describe it
E/Z isomerism
the C=C double bond restricts rotation, each of the C of the C=C bond must be attracted to 2 different groups.
CIP pritoty rules to decide if compund E or Z
higher the atomic number of an atom the higher the priotity
if priority groups on same side then Z, if on opposite its E
a dot in a radical represents
and unpaired electron
formation of covalent bond is shown by
curly arrow that starts from the lone electron pair or from another covalent bond
breaking of a covalent bond is shown by
starting from the bond
formation of haloalkane from alkane mechaism, reagent of conditions
free radical subsistion
UV light
Cl2 or Br2
free radical subsistion eqautions
initiation :
cl2 –> 2Cl (homolytic fission)
propagation :
CH4 + Cl –> *CH3 + HCl
CH3 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl
temination :
*CH3 + *Cl –> CH3Cl
overall eqaution :
CH4 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl
why is UV light an essential condition for free radical subsistion
provides the energy to break the covalent halogen bond
