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Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal > Intro To Nutrition - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Intro To Nutrition - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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2
Q

When is there a positive nitrogen balance

A

Intake is moreeee than excretion

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3
Q

RNI Reference Nutrient Intake

A

Sufficient for 97.5% of people (2 s.d above the EAR)

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5
Q

Which macronutrient cannot be stored

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Which foods are saturated fats found in

A

Meat and dairy

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7
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein for an average adult

A

0.75 g/kg/day

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8
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein for athletes or body builders

A

1.2 to 1.7 g/kg/day

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9
Q

Example of when there’s positive nitrogen balance

A

During growth

Pregnancy

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10
Q

What are the 9 amino acids that cant be synthesised by the body?

(MVHLPTILT)

A 
Methionine 
Valine 
Histidine 
Leucine 
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan 
Isoleucine 
Lysine 
Threonine
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11
Q

Which amino acid is normally synthesised by the body but not under certain conditions so is required from the diet

A

Arginine

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12
Q

What is the recommended intake of total fat?

A

Less than 35%

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13
Q

What is the recommended intake of saturated fats?

A

11%

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14
Q

What is the recommended intake of cis-monounsaturates

A

12%

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15
Q

What is the recommended intake of cis-polyunsaturates

A

6%

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16
Q

What is the recommended intake of trans fats

A

Less than 2%
V unhealthy
Link to increased risk of CVD

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17
Q

What type of acid is Omega-3?

A

Linolenic acid

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18
Q

What three things can carbs be broken down into

A 
Polysaccharides= mainly starch 
Disaccharides= mainly sucrose 
Monosaccharides= mainly glucose and fructose
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19
Q

When is there a negative nitrogen balance

A

Intake is less than excretion

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23
Q

Which macronutrient is the main source of energy (80 - 90%)?

A

Fats

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23
Q

What’s the two types of unsaturated fats

A

Mono-unsaturated fats (only one double bond)

Poly-unsaturated fats (two or more double bonds)

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23
Q

What is the recommended intake of free sugar

A

Less than 5%

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23
Q

What is the recommended intake of intrinsic and milk sugars, and starch?

A

39%

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23
Q

What is the name of vitamin B9?

A

Folic acid

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24
Q

What is the recommended intake of fibre as a non-starch polysaccharide?

A

18g/day

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24
Q

What has high levels of fructose been linked to?

A

Insulin resistance
Metabolic syndrome
Type 2 diabetes

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24
Q

What is the name of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

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24
Q

Symptoms of B12 deficiency whihc can cause anaemia and irreversible neurological damage

A

Numbness

Tinglinggg of toes and fingertips

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26
Q

Which type of fats produce a kink in the fatty acid chain

A

Cis-unsaturated fats (due to double bond and hydrogen on the same side)

28
Q

What is the name of vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid

29
Q

Example of when negative nitrogen balance occurs

A

Fasting

Illness

30
Q

What is the role of vitamin B1?

A

Cofactor in decarboxylation reactions

31
Q

What is the role of riboflavin/ Vitamin B2?

A

Constituent of cofactors eg FAD

Involved in metabolism of fats carbs proteins

32
Q

What vitamin deficiency is scurvy caused by?

A

Vitamin C

33
Q

What is the name of vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

35
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in folic acid

A

Neural tube defects

  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
  • macrocytic anaemia
37
Q

What is the role of Pantothenic acid/ vit B5?

A

Constituent of coenzyme A

Energy and fat metabolism

38
Q

What type of acid is Omega 6

A

Linoleic acid

41
Q

What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate/ vit B6

A

Cofactor for enzymes involved in protein metabolism
Haem synthesis
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Modulates steroid hormone

42
Q

What is the role of Biotin / Vit B7?

A

Carrier for CO2 in carboxylation reactions

43
Q

What is the role of folic acid / Vitamin B9?

A

1-C transfers

DNA synthesis

44
Q

What is the role of cobalamin / B12?

A

Methionine synthesis

Odd-chain fatty acid metabolism

45
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin A?

A

Blindness
Birth defects
Susceptibility to infection

46
Q

What is the role of vitamin C

A

Collagen synthesis

Antioxidant Q

47
Q

Role of vitamin A

A

Vision

Transcriptional regulator

48
Q

What is the role of Niacin/Vitamin B3?

A

Constituent of cofactors eg NADH

51
Q

A deficiency in which vitamin causes rickets/ osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D

52
Q

What is the role of vitamin D

A

Bone formation and maintenance
Immune regulation
Cell differentiation
Muscle function

53
Q

Why may nutritional deficiencies arise?

A

Inadequate intake
Inadequate absorption
Excess loss/ increased requirements

55
Q

What is the role of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

Prevent lipid oxidation in membranes

56
Q

What is anencephaly and what can it be caused by?

A

Abnormal development of the brain

Can be caused by a deficiency in folic acid

58
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin A?

A

Rickets in kids

Osteomalacia in adults

59
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin E?

A

Deficiency in fat malabsorption

Neurological problems

60
Q

What is pernicious anaemia and what is the cause of it?

A

Underproduction of RBCs

Deficiency in B12/ B12 not absorbed properly

61
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin K?

A

Bleeding in newborns

V rare in healthy adults

62
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in cobalamin/ B12?

A

Macrocytic anaemia

Neurological damage

63
Q

A deficiency in which vitamin is most likely to be the cause of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

A

Folic acid (B9)

64
Q

What is the recommended sodium intake

A

Less than 6g a day

65
Q

What is the Estimated Average Requirement

A

Half the population needs more and half need less

66
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

67
Q

LRNI Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

A

Sufficient for a few people that have low needs but not enough for 97.5% of population
Is 2 standard deviations below the EAR

68
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia and a deficiency in which vitamins can cause it

A

When the red blood cells are abnormally large

-deficiency in folic acid or cobalamin can cause it

69
Q

Give three things a deficiency in vitamin D can increase the risk of?

A 
Auto-immune diseases (MS, type 1 diabetes)
Some cancers (breast, colon ovarian, prostrate)
Muscle weakness in ages 50+
71
Q

What is the recommended intake of total carbohydrates?

A

50%

80
Q

What is the name of vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

81
Q

Vitamin K role

A

Cofactor for enzymes which activate blood clotting proteins

Bone maintenance

82
Q

What is the name of vitamin B3

A

Niacin

83
Q

What is the name of vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

98
Q

What is the name of vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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