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Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal > Intro To Nutrition - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Intro To Nutrition - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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2
Q

When is there a positive nitrogen balance

A

Intake is moreeee than excretion

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3
Q

RNI Reference Nutrient Intake

A

Sufficient for 97.5% of people (2 s.d above the EAR)

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5
Q

Which macronutrient cannot be stored

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Which foods are saturated fats found in

A

Meat and dairy

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7
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein for an average adult

A

0.75 g/kg/day

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8
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein for athletes or body builders

A

1.2 to 1.7 g/kg/day

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9
Q

Example of when there’s positive nitrogen balance

A

During growth

Pregnancy

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10
Q

What are the 9 amino acids that cant be synthesised by the body?

(MVHLPTILT)

A 
Methionine 
Valine 
Histidine 
Leucine 
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan 
Isoleucine 
Lysine 
Threonine
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11
Q

Which amino acid is normally synthesised by the body but not under certain conditions so is required from the diet

A

Arginine

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12
Q

What is the recommended intake of total fat?

A

Less than 35%

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13
Q

What is the recommended intake of saturated fats?

A

11%

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14
Q

What is the recommended intake of cis-monounsaturates

A

12%

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15
Q

What is the recommended intake of cis-polyunsaturates

A

6%

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16
Q

What is the recommended intake of trans fats

A

Less than 2%
V unhealthy
Link to increased risk of CVD

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17
Q

What type of acid is Omega-3?

A

Linolenic acid

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18
Q

What three things can carbs be broken down into

A 
Polysaccharides= mainly starch 
Disaccharides= mainly sucrose 
Monosaccharides= mainly glucose and fructose
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19
Q

When is there a negative nitrogen balance

A

Intake is less than excretion

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23
Q

Which macronutrient is the main source of energy (80 - 90%)?

A

Fats

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23
Q

What’s the two types of unsaturated fats

A

Mono-unsaturated fats (only one double bond)

Poly-unsaturated fats (two or more double bonds)

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23
Q

What is the recommended intake of free sugar

A

Less than 5%

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23
Q

What is the recommended intake of intrinsic and milk sugars, and starch?

A

39%

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23
Q

What is the name of vitamin B9?

A

Folic acid

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24
Q

What is the recommended intake of fibre as a non-starch polysaccharide?

A

18g/day

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24
What has high levels of fructose been linked to?
Insulin resistance Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes
24
What is the name of vitamin B1?
Thiamin
24
Symptoms of B12 deficiency whihc can cause anaemia and irreversible neurological damage
Numbness | Tinglinggg of toes and fingertips
26
Which type of fats produce a kink in the fatty acid chain
Cis-unsaturated fats (due to double bond and hydrogen on the same side)
28
What is the name of vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
29
Example of when negative nitrogen balance occurs
Fasting | Illness
30
What is the role of vitamin B1?
Cofactor in decarboxylation reactions
31
What is the role of riboflavin/ Vitamin B2?
Constituent of cofactors eg FAD | Involved in metabolism of fats carbs proteins
32
What vitamin deficiency is scurvy caused by?
Vitamin C
33
What is the name of vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
35
What is the effect of deficiency in folic acid
Neural tube defects - spina bifida - anencephaly - macrocytic anaemia
37
What is the role of Pantothenic acid/ vit B5?
Constituent of coenzyme A | Energy and fat metabolism
38
What type of acid is Omega 6
Linoleic acid
41
What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate/ vit B6
Cofactor for enzymes involved in protein metabolism Haem synthesis Neurotransmitter synthesis Modulates steroid hormone
42
What is the role of Biotin / Vit B7?
Carrier for CO2 in carboxylation reactions
43
What is the role of folic acid / Vitamin B9?
1-C transfers | DNA synthesis
44
What is the role of cobalamin / B12?
Methionine synthesis | Odd-chain fatty acid metabolism
45
What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin A?
Blindness Birth defects Susceptibility to infection
46
What is the role of vitamin C
Collagen synthesis | Antioxidant Q
47
Role of vitamin A
Vision | Transcriptional regulator
48
What is the role of Niacin/Vitamin B3?
Constituent of cofactors eg NADH
51
A deficiency in which vitamin causes rickets/ osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
52
What is the role of vitamin D
Bone formation and maintenance Immune regulation Cell differentiation Muscle function
53
Why may nutritional deficiencies arise?
Inadequate intake Inadequate absorption Excess loss/ increased requirements
55
What is the role of vitamin E
Antioxidant | Prevent lipid oxidation in membranes
56
What is anencephaly and what can it be caused by?
Abnormal development of the brain | Can be caused by a deficiency in folic acid
58
What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin A?
Rickets in kids | Osteomalacia in adults
59
What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin E?
Deficiency in fat malabsorption | Neurological problems
60
What is pernicious anaemia and what is the cause of it?
Underproduction of RBCs | Deficiency in B12/ B12 not absorbed properly
61
What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin K?
Bleeding in newborns | V rare in healthy adults
62
What is the effect of deficiency in cobalamin/ B12?
Macrocytic anaemia | Neurological damage
63
A deficiency in which vitamin is most likely to be the cause of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
Folic acid (B9)
64
What is the recommended sodium intake
Less than 6g a day
65
What is the Estimated Average Requirement
Half the population needs more and half need less
66
What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin C?
Scurvy
67
LRNI Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
Sufficient for a few people that have low needs but not enough for 97.5% of population Is 2 standard deviations below the EAR
68
What is macrocytic anaemia and a deficiency in which vitamins can cause it
When the red blood cells are abnormally large | -deficiency in folic acid or cobalamin can cause it
69
Give three things a deficiency in vitamin D can increase the risk of?
``` Auto-immune diseases (MS, type 1 diabetes) Some cancers (breast, colon ovarian, prostrate) Muscle weakness in ages 50+ ```
71
What is the recommended intake of total carbohydrates?
50%
80
What is the name of vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
81
Vitamin K role
Cofactor for enzymes which activate blood clotting proteins | Bone maintenance
82
What is the name of vitamin B3
Niacin
83
What is the name of vitamin B6
Pyridoxal phosphate
98
What is the name of vitamin B7?
Biotin

Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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