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Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal > Gastrointestinal Intro - Lecture 0 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Intro - Lecture 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Through which valve does the small intestine drain into the caecum?

A

Ileocecal valve

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2
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the GI tract?

A

Motility
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption

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3
Q

What are gastric ulcers caused by

A

H. Pylori
NSAID’s
- they damage the stomach lining

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4
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Involuntary smooth muscle contraction coordinated to move bolus forward.
Need relaxation of sphincters

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6
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Exocrine secretions- through a duct

Endocrine secretions- regulate carbohydrate metabolism

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7
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A valve at the end of the stomach which controls the release of food into the duodenum.

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7
Q

What do exocrine secretions of the pancreas do and where are they discharged into?

A
  • aid digestion

- secreted into the intestine via pancreatic duct

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9
Q

Are amylase, lipase and trypsin excreted from the pancreas as exo or endocrine secretions

A

Exocrine - through a duct

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10
Q

Why does the pancreas also release bicarbonate into the duodenum

A

To neutralise the stomach acid which comes into it too

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11
Q

What do endocrine secretions of the pancreas do and give 4 examples

A
  • regulate carbohydrate metabolism

- glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin

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12
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Increases blood sugar levels by converting glycogen into glucose

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13
Q

Function of the liver

A 
Synthesis of bile 
Helps to digest fats 
Detoxifies blood from GI tract 
Metabolises carbs fat proteins 
Makes proteins- clotting factors such as albumin 
Stores carbs and fat-soluble vitamins
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14
Q

What does the portal circulation do

A

Drains GI trac via the portal vein to the liver

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15
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Controls gastric acid

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17
Q

Three divisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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18
Q

What is biliary obstruction

A

Blockage of the bile ducts

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19
Q

Which ducts make up the common hepatic duct

A

The left and right hepatic ducts from the liver

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20
Q

Function of duodenum?

A

-mixes and receives chyme from stomach and pancreatic enzymes and bile from liver

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22
Q

Ileum function

A

Absorbs any more nutrients left, mostly Vitamin B12 and bile acids

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23
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorbs nutrients and water

Stores waste matter

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24
Q

Which ducts make up the common bile duct

A
  • The common hepatic duct (from the two hepatic ducts from liver)
  • Cystic duct (from gall bladder)
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25
Q

What does somatostatin?

A

Inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones including insulin and glucagon

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26
Q

Where does the common bile duct empty into

A

The duodenum

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27
Q

What is dyspepsia

A

Epigastric pain/discomfort

Feeling of fullness/ discomfort after normal sized meal

28
Q

Give 6 signs of liver disease

A 
Jaundice 
Scratching 
Spider angiomas 
Clubbing
Leukonychia
Oesophageal Varices
29
Q

What is leukonychia and what can it be a sign of?

A

Pale fingernails associated with low albumin

Can be a sign of liver disease

30
Q

What is oesophageal varices and what can it be a sign of

A

Enlarged veins in oesophagus - can develop when normal blood flow from liver is blacked by clot/scar tissue in liver
Can be a sign of liver disease

31
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Decreases blood sugar levels by converting glucose into glycogen

31
Q

Which three main veins is the portal vein made up of?

A

Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein

32
Q

What is haematochezia

A

Fresh, red blood either in stool or separately

33
Q

Function of stomach

A

Storage vessel
Churns food through rigorous contraction
Produces acid- digestive and sterilises first part of duodenum

33
Q

What is jaundice and which disease can it be a sign of

A

Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels
Can be a sign of liver disease

35
Q

What does the Inferior mesenteric vein drain

A

Left colon and rectum

35
Q

Give four examples of diseases of the oesophagus

A

Oesophagitis
Hiatus hernia
Cancer
Achalasia

38
Q

What is cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder

40
Q

What is oesphagitis

A

Inflammation of the oesophagus

Reflux back into can irritate it and cause oesophagitis

41
Q

What is a hiatus hernia

A

When part of the stomach pushes up into the lower chest
Can happen because the hiatus is widened/ doesn’t act a proper barrier anymore
More likely to have acid reflux etc.

42
Q

What are the two main types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma - squamous cells make up the lining of he oesophagus so this can happen anywhere
Adenocarcinoma - squamous cells that normally line the oesophagus are replaced by gland cells - happens at the bottom of the oesophagus near the stomach- maybe related to acid exposure

43
Q

Where does the portal vein drain into

A

The liver

The portal vein splits into a left and right branch

43
Q

What is achalasia?

A

When the lower oesophagus fails to distend/ relax which can cause the oesophageal sphincter to remain closed

  • bolus sits there
  • unable to eat/ pain while swallowing
43
Q

Give three examples of diseases of the stomach

A

Gastric Cancer
Gastric ulcers
Pyloric stenosis

44
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

46
Q

Give three examples of exocrine secretions from the pancreas

A

Amylase
Lipase
Trypsin

46
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

Narrowing/ blockage of the opening between the stomach and duodenum caused by thickening of the muscle

47
Q

What is cholangitis

A

Inflammation of the bile duct

48
Q

What are duodenal ulcers caused by

A

H. Pylori

NSAID’s

49
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver caused by long term liver damage

50
Q

What is Crohn’s disease and what part of the GI tract most commonly affect?

A
  • mostly affects the small intestine

- inflammation of the digestive tract

50
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A
  • bulge in lower part of small intestine
  • can become inflamed etc
  • congenital
51
Q

What might gallstones also present with?

A

Biliary cholic
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Biliary obstructions

51
Q

What is biliary cholic

A

When a gallstone temporarily blocks the cystic duct

53
Q

What is melaena

A

Black sticky stools - not bright red as it is from further up in the GI tract and there is partial digestion of the blood within the intestine

54
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein drain

A

The jejunum and ileum

56
Q

What is intestinal ischaemia

A

Blood flow through arteries that supplies blood to intestines slows/ stops
Can be caused by blockage of the arteries/ build up of cholesterol etc.

57
Q

What is steatorrhoea?

A

Bulky pale stools

Usually due to fat malabsorption to do with pancreas

58
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

Presence of pouches in the large intestine
Often silent
Can become inflamed/ perforate/ bleed

58
Q

What is odynophagia

A

Pain experienced on swallowing

59
Q

Jejunum function

A

Absorbs products of digestion

59
Q

What is gastric cancer usually caused by

A

H. Pylori

Y1 BS- Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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