Gastrointestinal Intro - Lecture 0

Question 1

Through which valve does the small intestine drain into the caecum?

Answer 1

Ileocecal valve

Question 2

What are the 4 major functions of the GI tract?

Answer 2

Motility
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption

Question 3

What are gastric ulcers caused by

Answer 3

H. Pylori
NSAID’s
- they damage the stomach lining

Question 4

What is peristalsis

Answer 4

Involuntary smooth muscle contraction coordinated to move bolus forward.
Need relaxation of sphincters

Question 6

Function of pancreas

Answer 6

Exocrine secretions- through a duct

Endocrine secretions- regulate carbohydrate metabolism

Question 7

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 7

A valve at the end of the stomach which controls the release of food into the duodenum.

Question 7

What do exocrine secretions of the pancreas do and where are they discharged into?

Answer 7

• aid digestion

- secreted into the intestine via pancreatic duct

Question 9

Are amylase, lipase and trypsin excreted from the pancreas as exo or endocrine secretions

Answer 9

Exocrine - through a duct

Question 10

Why does the pancreas also release bicarbonate into the duodenum

Answer 10

To neutralise the stomach acid which comes into it too

Question 11

What do endocrine secretions of the pancreas do and give 4 examples

Answer 11

• regulate carbohydrate metabolism

- glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin

Question 12

What does glucagon do?

Answer 12

Increases blood sugar levels by converting glycogen into glucose

Question 13

Function of the liver

Answer 13

Synthesis of bile 
Helps to digest fats 
Detoxifies blood from GI tract 
Metabolises carbs fat proteins 
Makes proteins- clotting factors such as albumin 
Stores carbs and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 14

What does the portal circulation do

Answer 14

Drains GI trac via the portal vein to the liver

Question 15

What does gastrin do

Answer 15

Controls gastric acid

Question 17

Three divisions of the small intestine

Answer 17

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 18

What is biliary obstruction

Answer 18

Blockage of the bile ducts

Question 19

Which ducts make up the common hepatic duct

Answer 19

The left and right hepatic ducts from the liver

Question 20

Function of duodenum?

Answer 20

-mixes and receives chyme from stomach and pancreatic enzymes and bile from liver

Question 22

Ileum function

Answer 22

Absorbs any more nutrients left, mostly Vitamin B12 and bile acids

Question 23

Function of large intestine

Answer 23

Absorbs nutrients and water

Stores waste matter

Question 24

Which ducts make up the common bile duct

Answer 24

• The common hepatic duct (from the two hepatic ducts from liver)
• Cystic duct (from gall bladder)

Question 25

What does somatostatin?

Answer 25

Inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones including insulin and glucagon

Question 26

Where does the common bile duct empty into

Answer 26

The duodenum

Question 27

What is dyspepsia

Answer 27

Epigastric pain/discomfort

Feeling of fullness/ discomfort after normal sized meal

Question 28

Give 6 signs of liver disease

Answer 28

``` Jaundice Scratching Spider angiomas Clubbing Leukonychia Oesophageal Varices ```

Question 29

What is leukonychia and what can it be a sign of?

Answer 29

Pale fingernails associated with low albumin | Can be a sign of liver disease

Question 30

What is oesophageal varices and what can it be a sign of

Answer 30

Enlarged veins in oesophagus - can develop when normal blood flow from liver is blacked by clot/scar tissue in liver Can be a sign of liver disease

Question 31

What does insulin do?

Answer 31

Decreases blood sugar levels by converting glucose into glycogen

Question 31

Which three main veins is the portal vein made up of?

Answer 31

Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Splenic vein

Question 32

What is haematochezia

Answer 32

Fresh, red blood either in stool or separately

Question 33

Function of stomach

Answer 33

Storage vessel Churns food through rigorous contraction Produces acid- digestive and sterilises first part of duodenum

Question 33

What is jaundice and which disease can it be a sign of

Answer 33

Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels Can be a sign of liver disease

Question 35

What does the Inferior mesenteric vein drain

Answer 35

Left colon and rectum

Question 35

Give four examples of diseases of the oesophagus

Answer 35

Oesophagitis Hiatus hernia Cancer Achalasia

Question 38

What is cholecystitis

Answer 38

Inflammation of the gall bladder

Question 40

What is oesphagitis

Answer 40

Inflammation of the oesophagus | Reflux back into can irritate it and cause oesophagitis

Question 41

What is a hiatus hernia

Answer 41

When part of the stomach pushes up into the lower chest Can happen because the hiatus is widened/ doesn’t act a proper barrier anymore More likely to have acid reflux etc.

Question 42

What are the two main types of oesophageal cancer?

Answer 42

Squamous cell carcinoma - squamous cells make up the lining of he oesophagus so this can happen anywhere Adenocarcinoma - squamous cells that normally line the oesophagus are replaced by gland cells - happens at the bottom of the oesophagus near the stomach- maybe related to acid exposure

Question 43

Where does the portal vein drain into

Answer 43

The liver | The portal vein splits into a left and right branch

Question 43

What is achalasia?

Answer 43

When the lower oesophagus fails to distend/ relax which can cause the oesophageal sphincter to remain closed - bolus sits there - unable to eat/ pain while swallowing

Question 43

Give three examples of diseases of the stomach

Answer 43

Gastric Cancer Gastric ulcers Pyloric stenosis

Question 44

What is dysphagia

Answer 44

Difficulty swallowing

Question 46

Give three examples of exocrine secretions from the pancreas

Answer 46

Amylase Lipase Trypsin

Question 46

What is pyloric stenosis

Answer 46

Narrowing/ blockage of the opening between the stomach and duodenum caused by thickening of the muscle

Question 47

What is cholangitis

Answer 47

Inflammation of the bile duct

Question 48

What are duodenal ulcers caused by

Answer 48

H. Pylori | NSAID’s

Question 49

What is cirrhosis

Answer 49

Scarring of the liver caused by long term liver damage

Question 50

What is Crohn’s disease and what part of the GI tract most commonly affect?

Answer 50

- mostly affects the small intestine | - inflammation of the digestive tract

Question 50

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 50

- bulge in lower part of small intestine - can become inflamed etc - congenital

Question 51

What might gallstones also present with?

Answer 51

Biliary cholic Cholecystitis Cholangitis Biliary obstructions

Question 51

What is biliary cholic

Answer 51

When a gallstone temporarily blocks the cystic duct

Question 53

What is melaena

Answer 53

Black sticky stools - not bright red as it is from further up in the GI tract and there is partial digestion of the blood within the intestine

Question 54

What does the superior mesenteric vein drain

Answer 54

The jejunum and ileum

Question 56

What is intestinal ischaemia

Answer 56

Blood flow through arteries that supplies blood to intestines slows/ stops Can be caused by blockage of the arteries/ build up of cholesterol etc.

Question 57

What is steatorrhoea?

Answer 57

Bulky pale stools | Usually due to fat malabsorption to do with pancreas

Question 58

What is diverticulosis

Answer 58

Presence of pouches in the large intestine Often silent Can become inflamed/ perforate/ bleed

Question 58

What is odynophagia

Answer 58

Pain experienced on swallowing

Question 59

Jejunum function

Answer 59

Absorbs products of digestion

Question 59

What is gastric cancer usually caused by

Answer 59

H. Pylori