Intro to Neurp part 2

Question 1

how many layers in the meninges?

Answer 1

3: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Question 2

what are the meninges?

Answer 2

a connective tissue layer that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Dura Mater (3)

Answer 3

~thick, though, dual layered membrane
~one layer against the skull and the other can separate from the first layer to form dural vinous sinuses
~highly innervated so can cause pain if compressed

Question 4

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 4

web-like with space below it sub-arachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 5

Pia Mater

Answer 5

delicate membrane that clings to the nervous tissue

Question 6

The spinal cord ends at ___ but ____ and ___ extends to the end of the spinal cord

Answer 6

L1

dura and arachnoid

Question 7

Lumbar cistern

Answer 7

since the dura and arachnoid extends down to the end of the spinal cord, a bag of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the cauda equine (called lumbar cistern)
~this is where lumbar punctures are taken from

Question 8

Lumbar puncture (what is done)

Answer 8

~the insertion of a needle between adjacent lower lumbar vertebrae into the lumbar cistern

Question 9

Lumbar puncture (what to look for) (4)

Answer 9

~Abnormal proteins in CSF – including antibodies
~Infective agents or excess WBCs
~Ionic concentrations
can be used to instill medications into the CSF

Question 10

Why would you insert meds straight into the CSF?

Answer 10

it avoids the barrier that separates the CNS from the blood (blood brain barrier)

Question 11

Epidural injections

Answer 11

~ injections of anesthetic produces temporary loss of sensation without risk associated with puncturing dura
~used in child birth and surgeries of the lower extremities

Question 12

Ventricular system has _ interconnected cavities

Answer 12

4

Question 13

what are the interconnected cavities

Answer 13

2 lateral cavities, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle

Question 14

Lateral ventricle

Answer 14

~large C shaped with “horns” that project into frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes
~one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere

Question 15

3rd ventricle

Answer 15

~thin disk like cavity in sagittal pane

~separate two thalami

Question 16

4th ventricle

Answer 16

~sits on dorsum of brain stem

~separates brainstem from cerebellum

Question 17

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 17

2 canals that connects the lateral and 3rd ventricles

Question 18

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 18

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 19

3rd foramina

Answer 19

how the 4th ventricle is connected to subarachnoid space

Question 20

why are the cerebral ventricles connected?

Answer 20

to allow for flow of cerebrospinal fluid between them

Question 21

3 connections between 4 ventricles and subarachnoid space

Answer 21

~single foramen of Magendie
~Two foramina of Luschka
~they drain into cisterna magna which circulates with rest of CSF in subarachnoid space

Question 22

CSF (formed by and the pathway)

Answer 22

~CSF id formed by choroid plexus, which is a specialized capillary network in each ventricle
~ CSF circulates thru ventricular system, formina of Luschka and Magendie into the subarachnoid space through the arachnoid villi into the venous sinuses & venous drainage of brain

Question 23

Hydrocephalus

Answer 23

~blockage of the flow of CSF leading to buildup of fluid into the ventricular system
~produces an enlargement of ventricular system & compression of cerebrum producing severe mental retardation
~treated with shunt removing fluid from the ventricular systems

Question 24

The brain is __% of the body’s mass and but requires __% of the blood flow

Answer 24

2%

>20% (this is so high because of he high metabolic activity even at rest)

Question 25

two arteries that supply blood to brain

Answer 25

``` Internal carotid (branch of common carotid) Vertebral artery ```

Question 26

Vertebral Arteries enter the skull through:

Answer 26

foramen magnum

Question 27

the two vertebral arteries merge to form:

Answer 27

Basilar artery

Question 28

Basilar artery

Answer 28

~has number brainstem and cerebellar branches | ~bifurcates at its end to form the posterior cerebral arteries

Question 29

the Internal Carotid enters the skull through:

Answer 29

carotid canal

Question 30

the internal carotid has _ branches

Answer 30

3: anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior communicating

Question 31

Circle of Willis

Answer 31

~Vertebro-basilar & internal carotid circulations may interconnect ~formed by anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral (along with the internal carotid and basilar arteries)

Question 32

Venous drainage from the brain

Answer 32

~small veins drain into the large venous sinuses (within the dural sinuses) ~venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein ~the internal jugular vein drains back into the general venous circulation

Question 33

Spinal Cord arteries

Answer 33

~supplied by an anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior arteries- branches off of the vertebral arteries ~the anterior spinal artery supplies anterior 1/3 and posterior arteries supply only posterior 1/3 ~blood supply supplemented by segmental radicular arteries

Question 34

Blood Brain Barrier

Answer 34

~tight junction between capillary endothelial cells in nervous system capillaries ~unlike other tissues where capillaries are quite leaky ~prevention of many substances from getting into the CNS from the vasculature ~blocks both toxic and beneficial substances from getting into the CNS

Question 35

Areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 35

~have specific functions ~primary sensory areas, sensory association areas, Frontal Lobe (primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca's area, pre-frontal cortex), Parietal Lobe (Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex), Occipital Lobe (primary visual cortex, visual association cortex), Temporal Lobe (primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex, Wernicke's area)

Question 36

Primary sensory areas

Answer 36

do the initial processing of the sensory signals | can detect individual somatosensory components such as touch, pressure, and temperature

Question 37

Sensory association areas

Answer 37

more complex analysis of sensory signals | allow you to identify an object from the integration of all these components without seeing the object

Question 38

Stereognosis

Answer 38

being about to identify an object from the integration of all the components without seeing the objects

Question 39

Frontal lobe (parts) (6)

Answer 39

``` ~primary motor cortex (prefrontal gyrus) ~pre-motor cortex ~supplementary motor cortex ~frontal eye fields ~Broca's area ~pre-frontal cortex ```

Question 40

primary motor cortex

Answer 40

~prefrontal gyrus | ~muscle by muscle activation (responsible for single muscle activation)

Question 41

pre-motor cortex

Answer 41

~just rostral to primary motor cortex ~groups of muscles- synergies (functions to activate groups of muscles together to produce movement patterns we call synergies)

Question 42

Supplementary motor complex

Answer 42

~superior just rostral to primary motor cortex | ~organizes motions (organize movements prior to activation of other parts of the motor pathway)

Question 43

Frontal eye fields

Answer 43

~just rostral to premotor cortex | ~organize eye movements

Question 44

Broca's area

Answer 44

~inferior pre-motor area ~coordinates muscle of speech ~serves the face and throat muscles

Question 45

Pre-frontal cortex

Answer 45

~rest of frontal lobe | ~responsible for social behavior & cognitive function

Question 46

Parietal Lobe (2)

Answer 46

~Primary somatosensory cortex | ~Somatosensory association cortex

Question 47

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 47

~postcentral gyrus | ~recognition of skin sensation (recognizes basic skin sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain)

Question 48

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 48

~multisensory integration of skin sensory sensations

Question 49

Occipital Lobe (2)

Answer 49

~Primary visual cortex | ~Visual association cortex

Question 50

Primary visual cortex

Answer 50

~Basic points and lines of light | ~receives visual information in the forms of points and lines of light

Question 51

Visual association cortex

Answer 51

~complex visual images are assembled from the points and lines

Question 52

Temporal Lobe (3)

Answer 52

~Primary auditory cortex ~Auditory association cortex ~Wenicke's area

Question 53

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 53

~superior medial of the temporal lobe | ~receives basic tones

Question 54

Auditory association cortex

Answer 54

~adjacent to primary auditory cortex (superior medial of the temporal lobe) ~transformation of tomes into recognizable sounds

Question 55

Wernicke's area

Answer 55

~posterior temporal lobe | ~ability to interpret language

Question 56

the skull is composed of 2 types of bone

Answer 56

cranium and facial

Question 57

facial bones

Answer 57

include nasal bone, maxilla, and mandible

Question 58

cranium bones

Answer 58

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 59

Suture

Answer 59

the joints between bones in the skull

Question 60

Coronal suture

Answer 60

between the frontal and parietal bones

Question 61

Squamous suture

Answer 61

between parietal and temporal

Question 62

Cranial vault

Answer 62

the brain sits if the cranial vault (the floor)

Question 63

the cranial vault has _ depressions

Answer 63

3: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

Question 64

Anterior cranial fossa

Answer 64

~formed by the ethmoid bone, the frontal bone, and he sphenoid bone ~the frontal lobe sits here

Question 65

Middle cranial fossa

Answer 65

~formed by the temporal bone | ~contains temporal and parietal lobes

Question 66

Posterior cranial fossa

Answer 66

~formed by the occipital bone ~contains the occipital lobe, brain stem, and cerebellum ~the spinal cord exits through the foramen magnum though this vault

Question 67

Motor neurons

Answer 67

~neurons involved in movements of the body

Question 68

Motor neurons are divided into:

Answer 68

Upper and lower motor neurons

Question 69

Lower motor neurons

Answer 69

motor neurons that project directly out to skeletal muscles

Question 70

Lower motor neurons (location in the spinal cord)

Answer 70

in the spinal cord, ventral horns with axons forming motor axons forming motor axons of spinal & peripheral nerves

Question 71

Lower motor neurons (located in the brain stem)

Answer 71

in the motor nuclei of the brainstem forming the motor axon of cranial nerves

Question 72

Upper motor neurons

Answer 72

~those motor neurons that project directly or indirectly to lower motor neurons ~ located in motor portion of cerebral cortex (axon of corticospinal tract) directly innervate lower motor neurons

Question 73

Upper motor neurons (located)

Answer 73

~located in brainstem nuclei which form descending motor pathways ~descend to innervate spinal lower motor neurons

Question 74

Upper motor neurons can be ____ and the lower motor neurons can be ___ (directional)

Answer 74

Upper: rostral (superior) Lower: caudal (inferior)

Question 75

Upper and lower motor neurons (locations)

Answer 75

Upper: cerebral cortex Lower: brainstem and spinal cord

Question 76

How are motor neurons named?

Answer 76

they are names for where they project and their function, not their position in the neural axis

Question 77

Upper motor neurons of pons and medulla innervate:

Answer 77

lower motor neurons of the midbrain which project out to the skeletal muscles

Question 78

Lower motor neurons are the only connection with:

Answer 78

~skeletal muscles ~ forms the "final common pathway" to muscles ~both volitional and reflexive activity

Question 79

damage to upper motor neuron would affect: (volitional and/or reflexive activity)

Answer 79

only affect volitional activity

Question 80

damage to lower motor neurons would affect: (volitional and/or reflexive activity)

Answer 80

both reflexive and volitional activity