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Intro to Neuro > Intro to Neurp part 2 > Flashcards

Intro to Neurp part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many layers in the meninges?

A

3: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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2
Q

what are the meninges?

A

a connective tissue layer that surround the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Dura Mater (3)

A

~thick, though, dual layered membrane
~one layer against the skull and the other can separate from the first layer to form dural vinous sinuses
~highly innervated so can cause pain if compressed

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4
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

web-like with space below it sub-arachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

Pia Mater

A

delicate membrane that clings to the nervous tissue

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6
Q

The spinal cord ends at ___ but ____ and ___ extends to the end of the spinal cord

A

L1

dura and arachnoid

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7
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

since the dura and arachnoid extends down to the end of the spinal cord, a bag of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the cauda equine (called lumbar cistern)
~this is where lumbar punctures are taken from

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8
Q

Lumbar puncture (what is done)

A

~the insertion of a needle between adjacent lower lumbar vertebrae into the lumbar cistern

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9
Q

Lumbar puncture (what to look for) (4)

A

~Abnormal proteins in CSF – including antibodies
~Infective agents or excess WBCs
~Ionic concentrations
can be used to instill medications into the CSF

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10
Q

Why would you insert meds straight into the CSF?

A

it avoids the barrier that separates the CNS from the blood (blood brain barrier)

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11
Q

Epidural injections

A

~ injections of anesthetic produces temporary loss of sensation without risk associated with puncturing dura
~used in child birth and surgeries of the lower extremities

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12
Q

Ventricular system has _ interconnected cavities

A

4

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13
Q

what are the interconnected cavities

A

2 lateral cavities, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle

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14
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

~large C shaped with “horns” that project into frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes
~one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere

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15
Q

3rd ventricle

A

~thin disk like cavity in sagittal pane

~separate two thalami

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16
Q

4th ventricle

A

~sits on dorsum of brain stem

~separates brainstem from cerebellum

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17
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

2 canals that connects the lateral and 3rd ventricles

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18
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

3rd foramina

A

how the 4th ventricle is connected to subarachnoid space

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20
Q

why are the cerebral ventricles connected?

A

to allow for flow of cerebrospinal fluid between them

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21
Q

3 connections between 4 ventricles and subarachnoid space

A

~single foramen of Magendie
~Two foramina of Luschka
~they drain into cisterna magna which circulates with rest of CSF in subarachnoid space

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22
Q

CSF (formed by and the pathway)

A

~CSF id formed by choroid plexus, which is a specialized capillary network in each ventricle
~ CSF circulates thru ventricular system, formina of Luschka and Magendie into the subarachnoid space through the arachnoid villi into the venous sinuses & venous drainage of brain

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23
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

~blockage of the flow of CSF leading to buildup of fluid into the ventricular system
~produces an enlargement of ventricular system & compression of cerebrum producing severe mental retardation
~treated with shunt removing fluid from the ventricular systems

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24
Q

The brain is __% of the body’s mass and but requires __% of the blood flow

A

2%

>20% (this is so high because of he high metabolic activity even at rest)

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25
Q

two arteries that supply blood to brain

A 
Internal carotid (branch of common carotid)
Vertebral artery
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26
Q

Vertebral Arteries enter the skull through:

A

foramen magnum

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27
Q

the two vertebral arteries merge to form:

A

Basilar artery

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28
Q

Basilar artery

A

~has number brainstem and cerebellar branches

~bifurcates at its end to form the posterior cerebral arteries

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29
Q

the Internal Carotid enters the skull through:

A

carotid canal

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30
Q

the internal carotid has _ branches

A

3: anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior communicating

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31
Q

Circle of Willis

A

~Vertebro-basilar & internal carotid circulations may interconnect
~formed by anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral (along with the internal carotid and basilar arteries)

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32
Q

Venous drainage from the brain

A

~small veins drain into the large venous sinuses (within the dural sinuses)
~venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein
~the internal jugular vein drains back into the general venous circulation

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33
Q

Spinal Cord arteries

A

~supplied by an anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior arteries- branches off of the vertebral arteries
~the anterior spinal artery supplies anterior 1/3 and posterior arteries supply only posterior 1/3
~blood supply supplemented by segmental radicular arteries

34
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

~tight junction between capillary endothelial cells in nervous system capillaries
~unlike other tissues where capillaries are quite leaky
~prevention of many substances from getting into the CNS from the vasculature
~blocks both toxic and beneficial substances from getting into the CNS

35
Q

Areas of the cerebral cortex

A

~have specific functions
~primary sensory areas, sensory association areas, Frontal Lobe (primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca’s area, pre-frontal cortex), Parietal Lobe (Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex), Occipital Lobe (primary visual cortex, visual association cortex), Temporal Lobe (primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex, Wernicke’s area)

36
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

do the initial processing of the sensory signals

can detect individual somatosensory components such as touch, pressure, and temperature

37
Q

Sensory association areas

A

more complex analysis of sensory signals

allow you to identify an object from the integration of all these components without seeing the object

38
Q

Stereognosis

A

being about to identify an object from the integration of all the components without seeing the objects

39
Q

Frontal lobe (parts) (6)

A 
~primary motor cortex (prefrontal gyrus)
~pre-motor cortex
~supplementary motor cortex
~frontal eye fields
~Broca's area
~pre-frontal cortex
40
Q

primary motor cortex

A

~prefrontal gyrus

~muscle by muscle activation (responsible for single muscle activation)

41
Q

pre-motor cortex

A

~just rostral to primary motor cortex
~groups of muscles- synergies (functions to activate groups of muscles together to produce movement patterns we call synergies)

42
Q

Supplementary motor complex

A

~superior just rostral to primary motor cortex

~organizes motions (organize movements prior to activation of other parts of the motor pathway)

43
Q

Frontal eye fields

A

~just rostral to premotor cortex

~organize eye movements

44
Q

Broca’s area

A

~inferior pre-motor area
~coordinates muscle of speech
~serves the face and throat muscles

45
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

~rest of frontal lobe

~responsible for social behavior & cognitive function

46
Q

Parietal Lobe (2)

A

~Primary somatosensory cortex

~Somatosensory association cortex

47
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

~postcentral gyrus

~recognition of skin sensation (recognizes basic skin sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain)

48
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

A

~multisensory integration of skin sensory sensations

49
Q

Occipital Lobe (2)

A

~Primary visual cortex

~Visual association cortex

50
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

~Basic points and lines of light

~receives visual information in the forms of points and lines of light

51
Q

Visual association cortex

A

~complex visual images are assembled from the points and lines

52
Q

Temporal Lobe (3)

A

~Primary auditory cortex
~Auditory association cortex
~Wenicke’s area

53
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

~superior medial of the temporal lobe

~receives basic tones

54
Q

Auditory association cortex

A

~adjacent to primary auditory cortex (superior medial of the temporal lobe)
~transformation of tomes into recognizable sounds

55
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

~posterior temporal lobe

~ability to interpret language

56
Q

the skull is composed of 2 types of bone

A

cranium and facial

57
Q

facial bones

A

include nasal bone, maxilla, and mandible

58
Q

cranium bones

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

59
Q

Suture

A

the joints between bones in the skull

60
Q

Coronal suture

A

between the frontal and parietal bones

61
Q

Squamous suture

A

between parietal and temporal

62
Q

Cranial vault

A

the brain sits if the cranial vault (the floor)

63
Q

the cranial vault has _ depressions

A

3: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

64
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

~formed by the ethmoid bone, the frontal bone, and he sphenoid bone
~the frontal lobe sits here

65
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

~formed by the temporal bone

~contains temporal and parietal lobes

66
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

~formed by the occipital bone
~contains the occipital lobe, brain stem, and cerebellum
~the spinal cord exits through the foramen magnum though this vault

67
Q

Motor neurons

A

~neurons involved in movements of the body

68
Q

Motor neurons are divided into:

A

Upper and lower motor neurons

69
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

motor neurons that project directly out to skeletal muscles

70
Q

Lower motor neurons (location in the spinal cord)

A

in the spinal cord, ventral horns with axons forming motor axons forming motor axons of spinal & peripheral nerves

71
Q

Lower motor neurons (located in the brain stem)

A

in the motor nuclei of the brainstem forming the motor axon of cranial nerves

72
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

~those motor neurons that project directly or indirectly to lower motor neurons
~ located in motor portion of cerebral cortex (axon of corticospinal tract) directly innervate lower motor neurons

73
Q

Upper motor neurons (located)

A

~located in brainstem nuclei which form descending motor pathways
~descend to innervate spinal lower motor neurons

74
Q

Upper motor neurons can be ____ and the lower motor neurons can be ___ (directional)

A

Upper: rostral (superior)
Lower: caudal (inferior)

75
Q

Upper and lower motor neurons (locations)

A

Upper: cerebral cortex
Lower: brainstem and spinal cord

76
Q

How are motor neurons named?

A

they are names for where they project and their function, not their position in the neural axis

77
Q

Upper motor neurons of pons and medulla innervate:

A

lower motor neurons of the midbrain which project out to the skeletal muscles

78
Q

Lower motor neurons are the only connection with:

A

~skeletal muscles
~ forms the “final common pathway” to muscles
~both volitional and reflexive activity

79
Q

damage to upper motor neuron would affect: (volitional and/or reflexive activity)

A

only affect volitional activity

80
Q

damage to lower motor neurons would affect: (volitional and/or reflexive activity)

A

both reflexive and volitional activity

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

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