Intro to Neuro part 1

Question 1

Nervous System is divided into (2)

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

CNS is divided into (2)

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS is divided into (2)

Answer 3

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 4

The brain is divided into (3)

Answer 4

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

Question 5

brainstem is divided into (3)

Answer 5

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 6

spinal cord is divided into (5) segments

Answer 6

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 7

cerebrum (parts/functions) (5)

Answer 7

(has what are often called higher functions)
~Perceiving and interpreting sensory input – touch, vision, hearing, taste and smell
~Generation & coordination of voluntary movements
~Production & understanding of language
~Thinking, planning, organizing and problem solving
~Generation & controlling our own emotions and recognizing the emotions of others

Question 8

Cerebellum (parts/functions) (4)

Answer 8

(generally thought as a structure involved in motor functions)
~Coordination of voluntary movement
~Regulation of posture
~Processing of sensory input
~Involvement in emotional behaviors

Question 9

Brainstem (parts/functions) (7)

Answer 9

~Generation of motor activities & reception of sensory input through cranial nerve
~Final connection from the CNS to muscles of head & neck
~Transmitting information running between the cerebrum, cerebellum and the spinal cord
~Regulation of basic visceral (body) functions such as breathing, heart rate and regulation of smooth muscle throughout the body
~Reflexes
~Basic functions of balance and movement
~Consciousness, wakefulness and sleep cycles

Question 10

Spinal Cord (parts/function) (4)

Answer 10

~Generation of motor activities & reception of sensory input through spinal & peripheral nerves
~Final connection of CNS to all skeletal muscles of the body (except head & some neck muscles) – “final common pathway”
~Generation of some basic motor patterns – “central pattern generators”
~Reflexes

Question 11

Cranial Nerves (parts/function) (4)

Answer 11

~Arise in pairs from the different levels of the brain stem
~Some have purely sensory function
~Some have purely motor function
~Some have different combinations of motor, sensory and autonomic function

Question 12

Spinal Nerves (parts/function) (4)

Answer 12

~Arise in pairs from each of the 31 spinal segments
~All have both motor and sensory functions
~Many have motor, sensory and autonomic function
~Spinal nerves branch to form named peripheral nerves

Question 13

Anatomical Planes (3)

Answer 13

sagittal, coronal, horizontal

Question 14

Sagittal Plane divides…

Answer 14

the nervous system into left and right sections

Question 15

Coronal Plane divides…

Answer 15

the nervous system into front and back sections

Question 16

Horizontal Plane divides…

Answer 16

the nervous system into an upper and lower section; also can be called a “cross-section” image

Question 17

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Dorsal=

Answer 17

Posterior (towards the back)

Question 18

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Ventral=

Answer 18

Anterior (towards the front)

Question 19

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Superior=

Answer 19

also called rostral, upwards

Question 20

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Inferior=

Answer 20

also called caudal, downwards

Question 21

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Lateral=

Answer 21

towards the side or away for midline

Question 22

Directional Terminology for Spinal Cord/ Brainstem

Medial=

Answer 22

towards the midline or away from the side

Question 23

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum

Superior=

Answer 23

Dorsal

Question 24

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum

Inferior=

Answer 24

Ventral

Question 25

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum | Anterior=

Answer 25

Rostral or Frontal

Question 26

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum | Posterior=

Answer 26

Caudal or Occipital

Question 27

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum | Lateral=

Answer 27

towards the side or away from midline

Question 28

Directional Terminology for Cerebrum | Medial=

Answer 28

toward the midline or away from the side

Question 29

the adult human brain contain ________ neurons and _______ supporting cells (___)

Answer 29

100 billion equivalent number glia

Question 30

About _____ cells are cerebral cortex

Answer 30

20 billion cells

Question 31

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 31

a thin layer of cells along the outer rim of the cerebrum

Question 32

the cerebrum contains (__ hemispheres)

Answer 32

2 hemispheres

Question 33

what is the divide of the 2 hemispheres called in the cerebrum?

Answer 33

longitudinal fissure

Question 34

what connects the 2 hemispheres in the cerebrum?

Answer 34

a dense band of nerve fibers (axons) called the corpus callosum

Question 35

the surface of the cerebrum contains ____ (____) and _____ (_____)

Answer 35

grooves (sulcus) and ridges (gyrus)

Question 36

Grey matter in brain

Answer 36

composed of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

Question 37

White matter in brain

Answer 37

composed of myelinated neuronal axons

Question 38

Nucleus of the cerebrum

Answer 38

clusters of cell bodies in the cerebrum

Question 39

Tract of cerebrum (other names and definition)

Answer 39

fasciculus or white column | a group of axons running together within the central nervous system

Question 40

Nerve

Answer 40

a group of axons running together

Question 41

ganglion

Answer 41

group of cell bodies in a peripheral nervous system

Question 42

Each hemisphere contains ___ lobes

Answer 42

4-6 lobes

Question 43

Frontal lobe

Answer 43

anterior (rostral) to the central sulcus

Question 44

Parietal lobe

Answer 44

posterior (caudal) to the central sulcus

Question 45

Temporal lobe

Answer 45

inferior to lateral fissure

Question 46

Occipital lobe

Answer 46

the most posterior caudal lobe

Question 47

Insula

Answer 47

pull back frontal and temporal cortex and within the lateral fissure- sometimes called the insular lobe

Question 48

Precentral gyrus

Answer 48

just rostal to the central sulcus- primary motor cortex

Question 49

Postcentral gyrus

Answer 49

just caudal to the central sulcus-primary somatosensory cortex

Question 50

Cingulate gyrus

Answer 50

(limbic lobe) superior to the corpus callosum

Question 51

Fornix

Answer 51

A fiber tract (a groups of axons running together in the CNS) which connect the medial temporal lobe and the hypothalamus on the same side of the cerebrum

Question 52

Diencephalon (4 parts +1 other)

Answer 52

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus | pituitary gland- not really considered part of the diencephalon

Question 53

Thalamus

Answer 53

the large ovoid structure in the center of the cereburm

Question 54

Hypothalamus

Answer 54

just below the thalamus and anterior

Question 55

Subthalamus

Answer 55

just below and posterior to the thalamus

Question 56

Epithalamus

Answer 56

posterior to the thalamus

Question 57

spinal cord anatomy

Answer 57

~each segment has a pair of spinal nerves | ~each spinal nerve is composed of thousands of nerve fibers (axons) which will branch to form named peripheral nerves

Question 58

gray matter in spinal cord

Answer 58

in the center of the spinal cord with the cell bodies and dendrites

Question 59

white matter in spinal cord

Answer 59

surrounds the gray matter and is formed by the myelinated ascending and descending axons

Question 60

4 parts of the gray matter

Answer 60

Butterfly shape Dorsal "wings" Ventral "wings" Central gray area linking horns

Question 61

Ventral roots of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer 61

contains "motor" axons leaving the spinal cord, entering the spinal nerve, passing into named peripheral nerves, and eventually innervating skeletal muscles

Question 62

Dorsal roots of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer 62

contains sensory axons which originally arise in the skin, muscle, joint, or even body viscera; located in the dorsal root ganglia which is the enlargement I the dorsal root

Question 63

Cauda Equina

Answer 63

~Spinal cord descends in the spinal canal to about L1 or L2 ~Spinal nerves will exit the appropriate levels ~There is a bundle of nerves after L1 or L2 that is referred to as cauda equine

Question 64

Vertebra anatomy

Answer 64

~composed of a body and vertebral arch ~vertebra arch is formed by 2 lamina and 2 pedicles ~the arch forms the vertebral foramen (spinal canal) through which the spinal cord passes ~there are also transverse and spinous processes for muscular attachments

Question 65

Between the Vertebrae

Answer 65

~When the 2 vertebra attach, form an intervertebral foreman ~Spinal nerve passes out through intervertebral foremen ~Vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral disks

Question 66

Intervertebral Disks

Answer 66

~Composed of gelatinous inner core (nucleus pulposus) and fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) ~Compressed by upright posture ~May bulge to compress the spinal nerve as it passes out of the intervertebral foramen. (“Slipped disk”, Radiculopathy, Pain, paraesthesias & loss of motor function if extreme)