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Intro to Neuro > Brainstem part 1 > Flashcards

Brainstem part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem (parts)

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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2
Q

Brainstem (what does it do)

A

~Tracts interconnect cerebrum, spinal cord, & cerebellum
~cranial nerves & nuclei
~reticular formation

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3
Q

External features of brainstem

A

Ventral and dorsal structures

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4
Q

Ventral external structures- medulla

A

~ventral median sulcus
~pyramids
~pyramidal decussation
~olive

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5
Q

Ventral external structures- pons

A

~basilar sulcus

~middle cerebellar peduncle

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6
Q

Ventral external structures- midbrain

A

~cerebral peduncles
~interpeduncular fossa
~mammillary bodies

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7
Q

Dorsal external structures- medulla

A

~gracile tubercle
~cuneate tubercle
~obex

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8
Q

Dorsal external structures- pons

A

~4th ventricle

~middle and superior cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

Dorsal external structures- midbrain

A

~corpora quadrigemina

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10
Q

Ventral median sulcus

A

~an indentation that runs the length of the medulla along the middle of the ventral surface of the medulla
~if the continuation of similar feature on the spinal cord

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11
Q

Pyramids

A

~lying on both sides of the ventral median sulcus

~corticospinal pathways running along the ventral surface of the medulla

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12
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

~about 90% of the fibers of the corticospinal tract cross or decussate at the caudal end of the medulla
~it is seen as a disappearance of the ventral median sulcus

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13
Q

Olive

A

~two bulges just lateral to the pyramids

~are due to a large nucleus called inferior olivary nucleus

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14
Q

Basilar sulcus

A

~a shallow groove where basilar artery runs up the middle of the pons

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15
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

~two large fiber tracts come off the pons laterally

~are entry of pontocerebellar fibers into the cerebellum

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16
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

~motor pathways between cerebrum and brainstem

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17
Q

Interpeduncular fossa

A

~between the two cerebral peduncles

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18
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

~within the interpeduncluar fossa

~are actually not part of the midbrain, but are the mort posterior part of hypothalamus

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19
Q

Gracile tubercle

A

~nucleus gracilis of dorsal column pathway

~on the dorsal surface of the medulla

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20
Q

Cuneate tubercle

A

~nucleus cuneatus of dorsal column pathway

~on the dorsal surface of the medulla

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21
Q

Obex

A

~caudal end of 4th ventricle

~between the gracile tubercle

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22
Q

4th ventricle

A

~forms much of the dorsal surface of the pons

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23
Q

middle and superior cerebellar peduncles

A

~the 4th ventricle is lateral framed n the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles
*an inferior peduncle can sometimes be seen just rostral and dorsolateral to the olive

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24
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

~a four paired structure (sometimes referred to as midbrain tectum)
~2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi

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25
Q

Descending tracts

A 
(Motor based)
~Corticospinal
~Corticobulbar
~reticulospinal
~vestibulospinal
~tectospinal
~rubospinal
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26
Q

Descending tracts beginning in the cerebral cortex

A

Corticospinal & Corticobulbar

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27
Q

Descending tracts beginning in the brainstem

A

reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal & rubrospinal

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28
Q

Corticospinal (Descending tract)

A

the tract the begins in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord

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29
Q

Corticospinal (Descending tract)

A

the tract the begins in the cerebral cortex and ends in the brains stem

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30
Q

reticulospinal (descending tract)

A

the tract that begins in the reticular formation and ends in the spinal cord

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31
Q

vestibulospinal (descending tract)

A

the tract that begins in the vestibular nuclei and ends in the spinal cord

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32
Q

tectospinal (descending tract)

A

the tract the begins in the midbrain tectum and ends in the spinal cord

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33
Q

rubrospinal (descending tract)

A

the tract the begins in the red nucleus and ends in the spinal cord

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34
Q

Ascending Tracts

A 
(sensory)
~Medial lemniscus pathway
~spinothalamic
~spinocerebellar
~trigeminothalamic tracts
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35
Q

Dorsal column-medal lemniscus pathway (ascending pathway)

A

~begins the spinal nerves primary afferent and ends in cerebral cortex
~the tract does relay (synapse) twice between when it enters the spinal cord and reaches the cerebral cortex

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36
Q

Ascending tracts that pass through the brainstem

A

spinothalamic, spinocerebellar & trigeminothalamic tracts

37
Q

spinothalmic (ascending tract)

A

going from the spinal cord to the thalamus

38
Q

spinocerebellar (ascending tract)

A

going from the spinal cord to the cerebellum

39
Q

trigmiothamic (ascending tract)

A

going from the trigeminal (cranial nerve V) to the thalamus

40
Q

There are many nuclei within the brainstem that serve the _____

A

cranial nerves

41
Q

The cranial nerves and their nuclei have 3 functions:

A

sensory, motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)

42
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory

~not end in brainstem

43
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic

~not end in brainstem

44
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor

45
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear

46
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal

47
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens

48
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial

49
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

50
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

51
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus

52
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Spinal accessory

53
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal

54
Q

Cranial Nerve V (details)

A

~there are three pairs of nuclei associated with the Trigeminal Nerve (Spinal, Chief, Mesencephalic Nerve)
~all three are dorsal and lateral located in medulla, pons, and midbrain

55
Q

Cranial Nerve V- Spinal Nucleus

A

~dorsal lateral medulla

~receives and relays pain and temperature sensation from the face

56
Q

Cranial Nerve V- Chief Sensory Nucleus

A

~dorsal lateral pons

~receives and relays touch and pressure sensations from the face

57
Q

Cranial Nerve V- Mesencephalic Nucleus

A

~dorsal lateral midbrain

~receives and relays proprioception sensation from face muscles

58
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (details on Gustatory Nucleus)

A

(Cranial Nerve VII have a single sensory nucleus- the Gustatory Nucleus)
~dorsal and medially at pontomedullary junction
~transmits taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue
~Gustatory Nucleus also receives taste sensation from CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

59
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII (details)

A

the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) ends on 6 pairs of nuclei
~2 cochlear nuclei (auditory)
~4 vestibular nuclei
~nuclei are all on the dorsal surface of pons and ponto-medullary junction

60
Q

Sensory Nuclei of the Brainstem

A

~Gustatory Nucleus (input from CN VII, IX, and X)

~Nucleus Solitarius (input from CN IX and X)

61
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

~located on the dorsal & medial medulla
~receives input from the high pressure barorecptors of the carotid sinus (CN IX) and aorta (CN X)
~these inputs are involved in cardiovascular regulation

62
Q

Cranial Nerves that have sensory functions

A

CN I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X

olfactory, optic, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus

63
Q

Cranial Nerves that have motor functions

A

CN II, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

64
Q

Oculomotor Nucleus

A

~located on the medial and dorsal midbrain
~contains motor neurons whose axons for the CN III
~these motor axonsinnervates the medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscle and inferior oblique muscle and the levator palpebrae

65
Q

Trochlear Nucleus

A

~medial and dorsal midbrain
~has axons that give rise to the CN IV
~innervation of the superior oblique muscle of eye

66
Q

Abducens Nucleus

A

~medial dorsal aspect of the caudal pons
~has axons that form the CN VI
~innervated the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

67
Q

Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

A

~dorsal aspect of the mid pons
~gives rise to the CN V
~innervates muscles of mastication

68
Q

Facial Motor Nucleus

A

~dorsal lateral aspect of the pontomedularly junction
~gives rise to CN VII
~innervates muscles of facial expression

69
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

A

~dorsal lateral aspect of the medulla and pontomedullary junction
~gives rise to axons which for 3 cranial nerves (CN IX, X, XI)
these nerves innervate stylopharyngeus muscle (CN IX), the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (CN X and XI), and the muscles of the uvula (CN X)

70
Q

Accessory Nucleus

A

`extends up from the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord into the dorsal medial aspect of the caudal medulla
~forms the spinal portion of the CN XI
~axons from these lower motor neurons innervate the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles

71
Q

Hypoglossal Nucleus

A

~dorsal and medial aspect of the rostral medulla
~lower motor nucleus of the CN XII
~axons from the hypoglossal nucleus innervate the muscle of the tongue

72
Q

Cranial Nerves with autonomic function

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

73
Q

Several nuclei have autonomic- parasympathetic functions

A

~Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
~Superior Salivatory Nucleus
~Inferior Salivatory Nucleus
~Dorsal Motor Nucleus

74
Q

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A

~dorsal medial midbrain
~part of the oculomotor nuclear complex (gives rise to axons which form part of the CN III)
~axons are the parasympathetic innervations of pupil and ciliary muscles of the eye which function constriction and accommodation of the lens for close vision

75
Q

Superior Salivatory Nucleus

A

~dorsal medial pons
~gives rise to fibers in CN VII
~axons are parasympathetic efferent to lacrimal glands and to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

76
Q

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus

A

~dorsal medial medulla
~has axons that forms part of the CN IX
~provides parasympathetic efferent to parotid gland

77
Q

Dorsal Motor Nucleus

A

~dorsal medial medulla

~provides parasympathetic innervation via CN X (vagus nerve) to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

78
Q

Cranial Nerve I (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

no cranial nerve nuclei

79
Q

Cranial Nerve II (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

no cranial nerve nuclei

80
Q

Cranial Nerve III (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Oculomotor (motor)

~Edinger-Westphal (autonomic)

81
Q

Cranial Nerve IV (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Trochlear (motor)

82
Q

Cranial Nerve V (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Nucleus of Spinal Tract (sensory)
~Chief Sensory (sensory)
~Mensencephalic (sensory)
~Trigeminal (motor)

83
Q

Cranial Nerve VI (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Aducens (motor)

84
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Gustatory (sensory)
~facial motor (motor)
~superior salivatory (automonic)

85
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~cochlear (2) (sensory)

~vestibular (4) (sensory)

86
Q

Cranial Nerve IX (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~solitary (visceral sensory)
~ gustatory (special sensory)
~nucleus ambiguous (motor)
~inferior salvatory (autonomic)

87
Q

Cranial Nerve X (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~Solitary (visceral sensory)
~Gustatory (special sensory)
~nucleus ambiguous (motor)
~ dorsal motor (autonomic)

88
Q

Cranial Nerve XI (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~accessory (motor)

~nucleus ambiguous (motor)

89
Q

Cranial Nerve XII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)

A

~hypoglossal (motor)

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

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