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Intro to Neuro > Brainstem part 1 > Flashcards

Brainstem part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem (parts)

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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2
Q

Brainstem (what does it do)

A

~Tracts interconnect cerebrum, spinal cord, & cerebellum
~cranial nerves & nuclei
~reticular formation

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3
Q

External features of brainstem

A

Ventral and dorsal structures

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4
Q

Ventral external structures- medulla

A

~ventral median sulcus
~pyramids
~pyramidal decussation
~olive

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5
Q

Ventral external structures- pons

A

~basilar sulcus

~middle cerebellar peduncle

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6
Q

Ventral external structures- midbrain

A

~cerebral peduncles
~interpeduncular fossa
~mammillary bodies

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7
Q

Dorsal external structures- medulla

A

~gracile tubercle
~cuneate tubercle
~obex

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8
Q

Dorsal external structures- pons

A

~4th ventricle

~middle and superior cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

Dorsal external structures- midbrain

A

~corpora quadrigemina

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10
Q

Ventral median sulcus

A

~an indentation that runs the length of the medulla along the middle of the ventral surface of the medulla
~if the continuation of similar feature on the spinal cord

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11
Q

Pyramids

A

~lying on both sides of the ventral median sulcus

~corticospinal pathways running along the ventral surface of the medulla

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12
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

~about 90% of the fibers of the corticospinal tract cross or decussate at the caudal end of the medulla
~it is seen as a disappearance of the ventral median sulcus

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13
Q

Olive

A

~two bulges just lateral to the pyramids

~are due to a large nucleus called inferior olivary nucleus

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14
Q

Basilar sulcus

A

~a shallow groove where basilar artery runs up the middle of the pons

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15
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

~two large fiber tracts come off the pons laterally

~are entry of pontocerebellar fibers into the cerebellum

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16
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

~motor pathways between cerebrum and brainstem

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17
Q

Interpeduncular fossa

A

~between the two cerebral peduncles

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18
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

~within the interpeduncluar fossa

~are actually not part of the midbrain, but are the mort posterior part of hypothalamus

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19
Q

Gracile tubercle

A

~nucleus gracilis of dorsal column pathway

~on the dorsal surface of the medulla

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20
Q

Cuneate tubercle

A

~nucleus cuneatus of dorsal column pathway

~on the dorsal surface of the medulla

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21
Q

Obex

A

~caudal end of 4th ventricle

~between the gracile tubercle

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22
Q

4th ventricle

A

~forms much of the dorsal surface of the pons

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23
Q

middle and superior cerebellar peduncles

A

~the 4th ventricle is lateral framed n the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles
*an inferior peduncle can sometimes be seen just rostral and dorsolateral to the olive

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24
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

~a four paired structure (sometimes referred to as midbrain tectum)
~2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi

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25
Descending tracts
``` (Motor based) ~Corticospinal ~Corticobulbar ~reticulospinal ~vestibulospinal ~tectospinal ~rubospinal ```
26
Descending tracts beginning in the cerebral cortex
Corticospinal & Corticobulbar
27
Descending tracts beginning in the brainstem
reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal & rubrospinal
28
Corticospinal (Descending tract)
the tract the begins in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord
29
Corticospinal (Descending tract)
the tract the begins in the cerebral cortex and ends in the brains stem
30
reticulospinal (descending tract)
the tract that begins in the reticular formation and ends in the spinal cord
31
vestibulospinal (descending tract)
the tract that begins in the vestibular nuclei and ends in the spinal cord
32
tectospinal (descending tract)
the tract the begins in the midbrain tectum and ends in the spinal cord
33
rubrospinal (descending tract)
the tract the begins in the red nucleus and ends in the spinal cord
34
Ascending Tracts
``` (sensory) ~Medial lemniscus pathway ~spinothalamic ~spinocerebellar ~trigeminothalamic tracts ```
35
Dorsal column-medal lemniscus pathway (ascending pathway)
~begins the spinal nerves primary afferent and ends in cerebral cortex ~the tract does relay (synapse) twice between when it enters the spinal cord and reaches the cerebral cortex
36
Ascending tracts that pass through the brainstem
spinothalamic, spinocerebellar & trigeminothalamic tracts
37
spinothalmic (ascending tract)
going from the spinal cord to the thalamus
38
spinocerebellar (ascending tract)
going from the spinal cord to the cerebellum
39
trigmiothamic (ascending tract)
going from the trigeminal (cranial nerve V) to the thalamus
40
There are many nuclei within the brainstem that serve the _____
cranial nerves
41
The cranial nerves and their nuclei have 3 functions:
sensory, motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)
42
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory | ~not end in brainstem
43
Cranial Nerve II
Optic | ~not end in brainstem
44
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
45
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
46
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal
47
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens
48
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial
49
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear
50
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
51
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus
52
Cranial Nerve XI
Spinal accessory
53
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal
54
Cranial Nerve V (details)
~there are three pairs of nuclei associated with the Trigeminal Nerve (Spinal, Chief, Mesencephalic Nerve) ~all three are dorsal and lateral located in medulla, pons, and midbrain
55
Cranial Nerve V- Spinal Nucleus
~dorsal lateral medulla | ~receives and relays pain and temperature sensation from the face
56
Cranial Nerve V- Chief Sensory Nucleus
~dorsal lateral pons | ~receives and relays touch and pressure sensations from the face
57
Cranial Nerve V- Mesencephalic Nucleus
~dorsal lateral midbrain | ~receives and relays proprioception sensation from face muscles
58
Cranial Nerve VII (details on Gustatory Nucleus)
(Cranial Nerve VII have a single sensory nucleus- the Gustatory Nucleus) ~dorsal and medially at pontomedullary junction ~transmits taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue ~Gustatory Nucleus also receives taste sensation from CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)
59
Cranial Nerve VIII (details)
the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) ends on 6 pairs of nuclei ~2 cochlear nuclei (auditory) ~4 vestibular nuclei ~nuclei are all on the dorsal surface of pons and ponto-medullary junction
60
Sensory Nuclei of the Brainstem
~Gustatory Nucleus (input from CN VII, IX, and X) | ~Nucleus Solitarius (input from CN IX and X)
61
Nucleus Solitarius
~located on the dorsal & medial medulla ~receives input from the high pressure barorecptors of the carotid sinus (CN IX) and aorta (CN X) ~these inputs are involved in cardiovascular regulation
62
Cranial Nerves that have sensory functions
CN I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X | olfactory, optic, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus
63
Cranial Nerves that have motor functions
CN II, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII | oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
64
Oculomotor Nucleus
~located on the medial and dorsal midbrain ~contains motor neurons whose axons for the CN III ~these motor axonsinnervates the medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscle and inferior oblique muscle and the levator palpebrae
65
Trochlear Nucleus
~medial and dorsal midbrain ~has axons that give rise to the CN IV ~innervation of the superior oblique muscle of eye
66
Abducens Nucleus
~medial dorsal aspect of the caudal pons ~has axons that form the CN VI ~innervated the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
67
Trigeminal Motor Nucleus
~dorsal aspect of the mid pons ~gives rise to the CN V ~innervates muscles of mastication
68
Facial Motor Nucleus
~dorsal lateral aspect of the pontomedularly junction ~gives rise to CN VII ~innervates muscles of facial expression
69
Nucleus Ambiguus
~dorsal lateral aspect of the medulla and pontomedullary junction ~gives rise to axons which for 3 cranial nerves (CN IX, X, XI) these nerves innervate stylopharyngeus muscle (CN IX), the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (CN X and XI), and the muscles of the uvula (CN X)
70
Accessory Nucleus
`extends up from the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord into the dorsal medial aspect of the caudal medulla ~forms the spinal portion of the CN XI ~axons from these lower motor neurons innervate the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles
71
Hypoglossal Nucleus
~dorsal and medial aspect of the rostral medulla ~lower motor nucleus of the CN XII ~axons from the hypoglossal nucleus innervate the muscle of the tongue
72
Cranial Nerves with autonomic function
CN III, VII, IX, X | oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
73
Several nuclei have autonomic- parasympathetic functions
~Edinger-Westphal Nucleus ~Superior Salivatory Nucleus ~Inferior Salivatory Nucleus ~Dorsal Motor Nucleus
74
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
~dorsal medial midbrain ~part of the oculomotor nuclear complex (gives rise to axons which form part of the CN III) ~axons are the parasympathetic innervations of pupil and ciliary muscles of the eye which function constriction and accommodation of the lens for close vision
75
Superior Salivatory Nucleus
~dorsal medial pons ~gives rise to fibers in CN VII ~axons are parasympathetic efferent to lacrimal glands and to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
76
Inferior Salivatory Nucleus
~dorsal medial medulla ~has axons that forms part of the CN IX ~provides parasympathetic efferent to parotid gland
77
Dorsal Motor Nucleus
~dorsal medial medulla | ~provides parasympathetic innervation via CN X (vagus nerve) to the thoracic and abdominal viscera
78
Cranial Nerve I (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
no cranial nerve nuclei
79
Cranial Nerve II (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
no cranial nerve nuclei
80
Cranial Nerve III (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Oculomotor (motor) | ~Edinger-Westphal (autonomic)
81
Cranial Nerve IV (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Trochlear (motor)
82
Cranial Nerve V (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Nucleus of Spinal Tract (sensory) ~Chief Sensory (sensory) ~Mensencephalic (sensory) ~Trigeminal (motor)
83
Cranial Nerve VI (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Aducens (motor)
84
Cranial Nerve VII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Gustatory (sensory) ~facial motor (motor) ~superior salivatory (automonic)
85
Cranial Nerve VIII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~cochlear (2) (sensory) | ~vestibular (4) (sensory)
86
Cranial Nerve IX (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~solitary (visceral sensory) ~ gustatory (special sensory) ~nucleus ambiguous (motor) ~inferior salvatory (autonomic)
87
Cranial Nerve X (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~Solitary (visceral sensory) ~Gustatory (special sensory) ~nucleus ambiguous (motor) ~ dorsal motor (autonomic)
88
Cranial Nerve XI (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~accessory (motor) | ~nucleus ambiguous (motor)
89
Cranial Nerve XII (are there any; if so, name of nucleus/I)
~hypoglossal (motor)

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

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